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Caspar S.1

Страна: Германия

Год: 1922

Caspar - D.I - 1918 - Германия<– –>Caspar - U.1 - 1922 - Германия


C.Owers Hansa-Brandenburg Aircraft of WWI Vol.3: Monoplane Seaplanes (A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes 19)


Afterword

   Heinkel opened a small manufacturing business in Grunbach after the war. Carl Caspar had managed to salvage some of his aeronautical works and approached Heinkel as a designer. According to Heinkel's autobiography Christiansen made the Americans aware of Heinkel's efforts with submarine borne aircraft and the US Navy was interested enough to ask for a design. This was despite the Armistice and Peace Treaty provisions that prevented Germany from manufacturing aircraft for a period then from constructing military aircraft or any aircraft that could be modified into a military aircraft. The fact that the US did not sign the Peace Treaty probably overcame any legal problems that the USN may have otherwise encountered.
   Joining the Carl Caspar Werke at Travemunde in 1921, Heinkel designed the single-seat Caspar U.1. While this was developed by Heinkel from his work on submarine carried aircraft during the war the U.1 was a biplane floatplane with cantilevered wings without interplane struts, unlike the Brandenburg W.20 flying boat. Power was supplied by a 55-hp five-cylinder Siemens-Halske radial engine. The wings could be folded for storage onboard a submarine. Constructed in great secrecy, two were purchased by the USN (Bureau Nos. A-5434 and A-6435). Japan also purchased two; these were designated U.2 and were powered by a 80-hp Gnome radial engine. Only Japan continued to develop the concept, operating submarine-borne aircraft in World War II, the Aichi A6A1 Seiran being the ultimate aircraft of its type.
   The Caspar Werke had been founded in 1921 and occupied the former Fokker works at Travemunde. Heinkel was the first aircraft designer for the firm and it was here that he received his break back into aircraft design and construction post-Armistice. Due to the restrictions of the Armistice and Peace Treaty forbidding and then limiting the production of aircraft in Germany, components were built in different locations in Germany and smuggled abroad and assembled there, mostly at the Swedish Svenska Aero, the firm established by Heinkel and Carl Bucker in Sweden at Lidingo in 1921.
   Heinkel moved to Sweden with German workers who would assemble the aircraft in Sweden. Only a few components, the rudders and pontoons, were actually built in Sweden. The Swedish Navy placed orders for the Caspar S.1, soon to be produced as the Heinkel He.1. Heinkel left Caspar and in December 1922 after the restrictions on the building of aircraft were lifted and established Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke AG located at Warnemunde on a lakeside site near the north German coast. Military aircraft were still forbidden and Svenska Aero was to produce components, the aircraft usually being erected at the Swedish Naval Dockyards at Gashaga.
   The Caspar U.1 and S.1 seaplanes were exhibited at the Gothenburg Exhibition in 1923 where the U.1 was described as "designed for stowage on a submarine." The S.1 was "ordered by the Swedish Navy." The British were not fooled; the S.1 was reported in Flight as showing definite Brandenburg influences. What arrangement Heinkel had with Caspar is unknown but the Caspar S.1 soon reappeared as the Heinkel He.1. The same copy of Jane’s recorded that the firm of Aero A.B. Lidingon, Stockholm, was building a number of S.1 floatplanes designed by Heinkel for the Swedish Navy. It recorded that the first machine had a 240-hp Maybach IVa but later examples would have the 240-hp Siddeley Puma engine. The lighter engine allowed for a greater useful load. One example had been fitted with a Rolls Royce Eagle engine. In fact, Jane’s and The Aeroplane published the same three-view with the aircraft captioned as the S.1 and the He.1.
   The He.1 was followed by the larger He.2 that was built in Sweden by Svenska Aero. Heinkel followed the theme with the He.4, He.5 and He.8 which saw the low-wing monoplane seaplane serve in the Navies of Northern European countries in the years between the World Wars. Denmark still had thirteen He.8 floatplanes in service when Germany occupied the country in 1940.(56)
   Caspar's company was converted into a limited company early in 1925 as Caspar-Werke AG, Travemunde. By this time the Technical Director was H. Moll, who had served as a pilot during the war. Involved with aviation since 1913, Moll joined the Board at the beginning of 1926. He was responsible for the designs of all yachts and racing motor boats built by the Caspar-Werke.
   By this time Dip. Ing. Ernst Ritter von Loessl was responsible for all Caspar aircraft designs. The Caspar S.1 was described as derived from the Hansa-Brandenburg sea-monoplanes with the general construction simplified to adapt the machine to commercial aviation by allowing for four passengers. The machine followed the wooden construction of the war time Brandenburgs. "The construction is very robust and is capable of being used in quite rough seas."(57) Despite developing aircraft of its own after Heinkel left, in April 1928 the company had to file for bankruptcy because of a lack of orders.

(56) http://cosmofusion.com/kategorier/underholdning/svenska-aero.php
(57) Jane's All the World's Aircraft. P.172b.


Specifications
Type Brandenburg W.27 Caspar S.1 Svenska Aero S.1
Dimensions in m
Span 17.700 17.5 17.5
Length Ca 12.390 12.65 12.65
Height - 3.85 -
Wing Area, m2 - - 52.5
Empty Wt., kg - - 1,550
Useful Load, kg - 700 850
Fuel Weight, kg - - 200
Total Wt., kg - - 2,600
Performance
Speed - 160 kph 165 kph
Climb to 1,000 m - - 7 min.
Ceiling - - 5,500 m
Engine - 260-hp Maybach -
Sources: 1. W.27: Brandenburg Factory three-view 2. Caspar S.1: The Aeroplane, August 1923. 3. Svenska Aero S.1: Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft.


J.Forsgren Swedish Military Aircraft 1911-1926 (A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes 68)


Caspar S.I/Heinkel HE 1

  In January 1921, the former Imperial German Navy pilot Carl-Clemens Bucker forwarded information from the Caspar-Werke at Travemunde about the Caspar S.I two-seat reconnaissance floatplane. At the time, Bucker was employed by the MFV as a test pilot. Designed by Ernst Heinkel, the Caspar S.I was a direct development of the highly successful Brandenburg W 29.
  In April 1921, the MFV Commander-in-Chief, Thor Lubeck, with Bucker in tow, visited Travemunde for negotiations. Already on May 4, a contract for the supply of one airplane, along with the rights for licence manufacture, was signed. The prototype Caspar S.I cost 40,000 kronor, with a 3,000 kronor licence fee for each airplane built in Sweden. As expected, on July 29, 1921, the Allies imposed a complete ban of airplane construction and export from Germany. However, the disassembled Caspar S.I had already arrived in Sweden. A 260 h.p. Maybach Mb VIa engine arrived in Stockholm in September, with the assembled airplane commencing flight trials on November 11. (Apparently, getting the airplane out of the workshop provided a few headaches, as the ceiling was too low for a trestle to be used. In the end, the lower surfaces of the floats had to be covered in grease to pull the Caspar S.I outside.)
  It was intended to perform a comparative evaluation of the Caspar S.I against the Supermarine Channel. The evaluation was cut short when the Channel was lost in a crash. Nevertheless, after a series of initial problems, including the floats and the radiator, had been ironed out, the Caspar S.I proved to have very good all-round performance, being highly suited to the needs of the MFV.
  In September 1921, Bucker formed Svenska Aero AB (Swedish Aero Ltd) to produce parts for the Caspar S.I. As the company did not (yet) have the necessary facilities, it was intended that the airplanes would be built at the Stockholm naval yard.
  Issued with the serial number Fb 31, the first Caspar S.I became known as Type 31. An additional ten airplanes were delivered to MFV (serial numbers Fb 32 to Fb 41) in 1922/23. Having detail differences, these were known as Type 32. In the event, all components for the first four airplanes (serial numbers Fb 32 to Fb 35), apart from the rudders and floats, were built by Caspar in Germany, and transported to Sweden. An additional six Type 32’s (serial numbers Fb 36 to Fb 41) were built in Sweden, not by the naval yard but by the Bucker-controlled Svenska Aero AB. On December 1, 1922, the Caspar S.I was redesignated as the Heinkel HE 1.
  The Caspar S.I’s were the first truly high performance airplane in MFV service. They served in a multitude of roles, including long-range maritime reconnaissance, co-operation with naval vessels, artillery spotting, torpedo attacks (albeit torpedoes were not part of the standard armament), antisubmarine warfare, fog dispersing, convoy escort and aerial protection of naval bases and installations.
  In the summer of 1924, five HE 1’s took part in a naval visit to Finland. In 1926, two HE 1’s, along with one S 21H, formed part of a Swedish-Finnish expedition to survey and photograph the border between the two countries.
  Three were written off in crashes in MFV service (two in 1924 and one in 1926), with eight being transferred to Flygvapnet. The Flygvapnet designation for the HE 1 became S 2 (Spaningsflygplan 2, ie Reconnaissance Airplane Type 2). The last S 2’s were struck off charge in 1931.
  In MFV and Flygvapnet service, the Caspar S.I/Heinkel HE 1 were the first of an eventual total of 57 Heinkel HE 1/ HE 2/HE 4 and He 5 maritime reconnaissance floatplanes. Colloqually known as Hansa’s, the last He 5 was not withdrawn from service until 1952!

Caspar S.I/Heinkel HE 1 Technical Data and Performance Characteristics
   Engine: 1 x 260 h.p. Maybach IVA
   Length: 12,66 m
   Wingspan: 18,30 m
   Height: 3,83 m
   Wing area: 52,40 m2
   Empty weight: 1,755 kg
   Maximum weight: 2,365 kg
   Maximum speed: 160 km/h
   Armament: 1x8 mm m/22 machine gun

J.Forsgren - Swedish Military Aircraft 1911-1926 /Centennial Perspective/ (68)
Heinkel HE 1 serial number 39. Via Arlanda Flygsamlingar
J.Forsgren - Swedish Military Aircraft 1911-1926 /Centennial Perspective/ (68)
The Caspar S.I (later redesignated as the Heinkel HE 1) soon after assembly at the Stockholm naval yard. Via Arlanda Flygsamlingar
C.Owers - Hansa-Brandenburg Aircraft of WWI. Volume 3 - Monoplane Seaplanes /Centennial Perspective/ (19)
The post-war Caspar S.1 was clearly derived from the war-time Brandenburg floatplanes.
J.Forsgren - Swedish Military Aircraft 1911-1926 /Centennial Perspective/ (68)
A Heinkel HE 1 seen prior to take-off. Via Arlanda Flygsamlingar
C.Owers - Hansa-Brandenburg Aircraft of WWI. Volume 3 - Monoplane Seaplanes /Centennial Perspective/ (19)
The post-war Swedish Caspar S.1, produced as the Heinkel He.1, was clearly derived from the war-time Brandenburg floatplanes.
J.Forsgren - Swedish Military Aircraft 1911-1926 /Centennial Perspective/ (68)
A quartet of MFV Heinkel HE 1's sometime in the mid-1920s. Via Arlanda Flygsamlingar
C.Owers - Hansa-Brandenburg Aircraft of WWI. Volume 3 - Monoplane Seaplanes /Centennial Perspective/ (19)
The Caspar S.1 and U.1 inflight.
C.Owers - Hansa-Brandenburg Aircraft of WWI. Volume 3 - Monoplane Seaplanes /Centennial Perspective/ (19)
This same three-view appeared in The Aeroplane and Jane's captioned as the Caspar S.1 and the Heinkel He.1.