А.Шепс Самолеты Первой мировой войны. Страны Антанты

Анрио-Дюпон HD.1 1916 г.

   Одновременно с фирмой "Ньюпор" в конкурсе на легкий истребитель участвовала фирма "Анрио". Инженером М. Дюпоном был построен и предложен командованию французской армии самолет HD.1. Это был одностоечный одноместный биплан. Конструкция обычная для самолетов этого типа. Деревянный каркас фюзеляжа, обтянутый полотном. Металлический капот полностью закрывал двигатель: 9-цилиндровый, воздушного охлаждения, ротативный, звездообразный "Рон" (110 л. с.). Топливный и масляный баки устанавливались между двигателем и кабиной пилота. Пулемет располагался на капоте перед летчиком. Самолет имел небольшой гаргрот и заголовник за кабиной пилота. Крыло двухлонжеронное, изготавливалось из дерева и обтягивалось полотном. Элероны были только на верхнем крыле, имевшем небольшое поперечное V и больший размах. Для обеспечения необходимой центровки верхнее крыло имело вынос над нижним крылом. Стойки крыла трубчатые, в деревянных обтекателях. Растяжки - стальной трос.
   Оперение обычного типа со стабилизатором и килем. Шасси тоже обычное на деревянных стойках и со сплошной осью. Амортизация резиновая шнуровая. Но командование французской армии отдало предпочтение истребителям "Ньюпор-17 C1", являвшимся развитием "Ньюпор-11", уже хорошо освоенных пилотами. Некоторое количество HD.1 все же попало в эскадрильи французских ВВС, а большинство из 831 построенных машин были переданы итальянским и бельгийским ВВС. В 1918 году некоторое количество машин НD.1 было продано командованию морской авиации флота США. Еще некоторое количество построено по лицензии в Филадельфии. Эти самолеты использовались для опытов по полетам с палубы. Неплохая для 1916 года машина к середине 1917-го уже уступала по летным данным немецким истребителям. К концу 1917 года оставшиеся машины были переданы в учебные подразделения.

J.Davilla, A.Soltan French Aircraft of the First World War (Flying Machines)

Aeroplanes Hanriot et Cie

  Rene Hanriot produced several aircraft prior to 1914. These included:
   1. D 1 - single-seat monoplane; 50-hp Buchet engine.
   2. D 2 - two- or three-seat monoplane; 100-hp Gnome.
   3. D 3 - monoplane racer; 100-hp Gnome.
   4. D 4 - monoplane with all-steel construction; 50-hp Peugeot.
   5. D 7 - monoplane with 80-hp Gnome.
   6. Trainer - 35-hp engine.
   7. Trainer - 45-hp engine.
  After the beginning of the First World War Hanriot established Aeroplanes Hanriot et Cie and built Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutters and Salmson 2s under contract.

  
Hanriot HD.1

  The Hanriot firm produced its first aircraft in 1916. The HD.1, as it was designated, was designed by Pierre Dupont. The compact single-seater had an upper wing with dihedral. The lower wing had no dihedral; its span and chord were less than that of the upper wing. The center section struts were similar to those used on the Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutters which Hanriot had built under license. The synchronized Vickers 7.7-mm machine gun was fitted on the port side of the fuselage. The engine was a 110-hp Le Rhone 9Jb driving a Ratmanoff propeller 2.46 meters in diameter.
  The fuselage was of wood except for the forward portion extending from the firewall to the cockpit, which was metal. The forward fuselage had three longerons: one behind the firewall, a second supporting the cabane struts and landing gear, and a third at the rear of the cockpit. The lower wing spar passed between the second and third frames. The rear fuselage had four rectangular longerons. The frame for the headrest was situated over the first three frames. At the rear of the fuselage steel tubes supported the tail and landing skid. The upper wing had two parallel spars and a dihedral of four degrees. The lower wing had a single large spar and, as mentioned earlier, no dihedral. The oil tank was in the forward fuselage. There were three fuel tanks: two in front of the cockpit and a third in the headrest fairing. Normally only a single machine gun was carried, but some HD.1s were modified to have two.
  The Hanriot HD.1, as the new machine was designated, had an impressive performance which was fully evaluated when it made its first test flights in June 1916. The aircraft had the same engine as the Nieuport 16/17 series, which was probably the reason for its rejection by the Aviation Militaire. At this time the rotary engine's eccentric traits were being widely denounced by fighter pilots, who greatly preferred the SPAD 7 and its water-cooled engine. A 150-hp Gnome Monosoupape engine was later fitted to an HD.1 which also had new fuselage fairings and an altered fin and rudder. Although tests at Villacoublay confirmed its superior performance, no series production followed.
  Although rejected by the Aviation Militaire, the Aviation Maritime adopted a modified version of the aircraft designated HD.2. The HD.1 was also widely used by the Italian, Belgian, and Swiss air services (see below).


Foreign Service

Belgium
  The Aeronautique Militaire Beige ordered 79 Hanriot HD.1s in 1917. The first example was received in August 1917 by the 1st Escadrille. Others were supplied to most of the fighter units, the 9th Escadrille and 11th Escadrille (at Moeres airfield) being equipped entirely with Hanriot HD.1s during the war.
  Despite the fact that the Hanriot HD.1s were found to be lightly armed and relatively slow, they were used with great success by such Belgian aces as Coppens, de Meulemeester, and Olieslagers. Field modifications included fitting two machine guns (which seriously degraded performance), fitting an HD.2 rudder to the HD.1 (which improved maneuverability), and fitting an 11-mm Vickers gun in place of the 7.7-mm weapon.
  Postwar, the Hanriot HD.1s were operated by the 7th Escadrille of the 4th Groupe de Chasse based at Schaffen. By 1926 the 7th Escadrille was based at Nivelles. Later that year the unit retired the last of its Hanriot HD.1s.

Italy
  The Aviazione Militaire needed a replacement for its Nieuport 17s, which were becoming rapidly obsolescent. Examples of the HD.1 had been tested by Italian pilots in Paris who gave favorable reports on the new fighter. The speed, maneuverability, and climb rate were found to be considerably better than that of the Nieuport-Macchi 17s. As a result, an arrangement was made for the Societa Nieuport-Macchi to produce the HD.1 under license.
  An initial order for 100 aircraft was placed in late 1916 and production began soon alter. Most were powered by a 110-hp Le Rhone engine, although some were fitted with a 120-hp 9Jby. The Vickers machine gun, which originally was offset, was relocated to the centerline of the fuselage to improve lhe pilot’s access to the gun in flight and to make aiming easier.
  The Italians were very pleased with the HD.1. They especially appreciated its robustness and agility. It was also marginally faster than the Albatros fighters and Brandenburg D.Is it was fighting.
  The initial unit to be equipped with the type was 76 Squadriglia, which received its first in August 1917. The unit was based at Borgnano and assigned to the 6 Gruppo in the 2nd Armata sector. It participated in the 11th Battle of Isonzo on 18 August 1917, where the qualities of the HD.1 became readily apparent.
  During 1917 many of the other Italian fighter units received the type. The units equipped with Hanriot HD.1s on 20 November 1917 were:
   10th Gruppo (assigned to the Supreme Command): 70a, 82a, and 91a Squadriglias.
   13 Gruppo (3rd Armata): 80a and 83a Squadriglias
   6 Gruppo (4th Armata): 76a, 78a, and 81a Squadriglias, two Sezione of HD.1s assigned to defend Padova.
  On 26 December 1917 HD.1s of the 6th and the 10th Gruppo Aeroplani participated in the air war over Istrana. By the end of 1917 there had been substantial changes in the dispositions of the HD.1 units. The new organization was:
   10 Gruppo (Supreme Command): 70a, 82a, and 91a Squadriglias.
   3 Gruppo (1st Armata): 72a Squadriglias.
   13 Gruppo (3rd Armata): 80a and 83a Squadriglias.
   6 Gruppo (4th Armata): 76a, 78a, and 81a Squadriglias.
  By the time of the Battle of the Piave in June 1918 the following units had Hanriot HD.1s on strength:
   10 Gruppo (Supreme Command): 70a, 80a, and 91a Squadriglias.
   16 Gruppo (1st Armata): 71a and 80a Squadriglias.
   6 Gruppo (4th Armata): 76a Squadriglia.
   9 Gruppo (7th Armata/9th Armatas): 72a and 74a Squadriglias.
   15 Gruppo (8th Armata): 78a and 79a Squadriglias.
   214 Squadriglia of the Marina Italiana (Italian navy).
  The Italian fighter command, perhaps learning from its counterparts in France, concentrated 120 fighters over the battlefield. This "Massa de Caccia," the majority of which were Hanriot HD.1s, proved very successful, and these units claimed 107 enemy aircraft and seven balloons destroyed between 15 and 23 June.
  HD.1 units also saw action in Albania (85a Squadriglia Caccia based at Piskupi), Macedonia (73a Squadriglia Caccia based at Negocani), and Venezia Lido (214a Squadriglia of the Italian navy).
  The Hanriot HD.1 remained in service throughout the war. By the Battle of Vittorio Veneto on 20 October 1918 the number of squadriglias using the aircraft had increased from 10 to 14 with a total of 144 HD.1s in service. These were as follows:
   10 Gruppo (Supreme Command): 70a and 82a Squadriglias.
   16 Gruppo (1st Armata): 71a Squadriglia.
   3rd Gruppo (1st Armata): 75a Squadriglia.
   13 Gruppo (3rd Armata): 80a Squadriglia.
   6 Gruppo (4th Armata): 6a and 81a Squadriglias.
   24 Gruppo (6th Armata): 83a Squadriglia.
   9 Gruppo (7th Armata/9th Armata):72a Squadriglia.
   20 Gruppo: 74a Squadriglia.
   23 Gruppo (9th Armata): 79a Squadriglia.
   8 Gruppo (Albania): 85a Squadriglia.
   21 Gruppo (35th Divisione in Macedonia): 73a Squadriglia.
   241 Squadriglia (Marina Italiana).
  Squadriglias 72a, 73a, 76a, 80a, and 81a were equipped only with HD.1s; the other units operated a mixture of HD.1s, Nieuport 27s, and SPAD 7s.
  A total of 1,700 Hanriot HD.1s were ordered from the Nieuport Macchi firm and by the time of the Armistice 831 had been delivered. An additional 70 were delivered after the Armistice.
  Postwar, these Italian units still had HD.1s on strength:
   3 Gruppo: 75a Squadriglia.
   6 Gruppo: 76a and 81a Squadriglias.
   8 Gruppo: 85a Squadriglia.
   10 Gruppo: 70a and 82a Squadriglias.
   13 Gruppo: 80a Squadriglia.
   17 Gruppo: 71a and 72a Squadriglias.
   20 Gruppo: 74a Squadriglia.
   21 Gruppo: 73a Squadriglia.
   23 Gruppo: 78a and 79a Squadriglias.
   24 Gruppo: 83a Squadriglia.
   241 Squadriglia (Marina Italiana) al Venezia.
  When the Regia Aeronautica was formed in 1923 there were 48 Hanriot HD.1s on strength, composing 70 percent of the Italian fighter force. There were also 26 HD.1s in service at the Scula Allenamento Caccia (Fighter Training School). By 1924 the structure of the Hanriot HD.1 force was:
   6 Gruppo: 70a, 73a, 79a, and 81a Squadriglias.
   17 Gruppo: 71a, 72a, and 80a Squadriglias.
  By 1926 the Hanriot HD.1s were retired to the training units, having been replaced by the new Fiat C.R.1.

Paraguay
  Three HD.1s were obtained by Paraguay postwar for use as advanced trainers.

Switzerland
  An Italian Hanriot HD.1 landed in Switzerland in June 1918. The Swiss were impressed enough by it to purchase 16 Macchi-built Hanriot HD.1s in 1921. These were used for pilot training. The aircraft were given serials 651 to 666 and were retired in 1930.


HD.1 Single-Seat Fighter with 120-hp Le Rhone 9Jb
   Span 8.7 m; length 5.85 m, height 2.94 m; wing area 18.2 sq. m
   Empty weight 400 kg; loaded weight 605 kg
   Maximum speed: at ground level 186 km/h; 178 km/h at 2,000 m
   Climb:
1,000 m 2 minutes 58 seconds
2,000 m 6 minutes 3 seconds
3,000 m 11 minutes 3 seconds
4,000 m 19 minutes 30 seconds
5,000 m 32 minutes
   Ceiling 6,000 tn; endurance 2.5 hours
   Armament: one 7.7-mm Vickers machine gun
   Approximately 100 HD.1s of all variants were built by Hanriot

HD.1 Single-Seat Fighter with 110-hp Le Rhone 9Jb Built by Nieuport-Macchi
   Span 8.50 m; length 5.85 m, height 2.5 m; wing area 17.50 sq. m
   Empty weight 410 kg; loaded weight 600 kg
   Maximum speed: 183 km/h
   Climb:
1,000 m 2 minutes 40 seconds
2,000 m 6 minutes 40 seconds
3,000 m 11 minutes
4,000 m 16 minutes 30 seconds
   Ceiling 5,900 m; endurance 2.5 hours
   Armament: one 7.7-mm Vickers machine gun
   Approximately 900 built under license by Nieuport-Macchi

G.Swanborough, P.Bowers United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911 (Putnam)

HANRIOT HD-1, 2

The Navy acquired 26 French Hanriot HD-2 seaplane fighters for use in Europe during World War 1. Except for the 130 hp Clerget engine and a large rudder, these were seaplane versions of the well-known Hanriot HD-1 (for Hanriot-Dupont) landplane. After the Armistice, 10 HD-2s were shipped to the US Naval Aircraft Factory for reconditioning and conversion to HD-1 landplanes, and were assigned serials A5620-A5629. Fitted with flotation bags and hydrovanes ahead of the wheel undercarriage, they were flown from battleships. Span, 28 ft 6 in; length, 19 ft 8 in; gross weight, 1,521Ib; max speed, 115 mph.

Jane's All The World Aircraft 1919

The Hanriot firm produced its first aircraft in 1916. The HD. 1, as it was designated, was designed by Pierre Dupont. The compact single-seater had an upper wing with dihedral. The lower wing had no dihedral; its span and chord were less than that of the upper wing. The center section struts were similar to those used on the Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutters which Hanriot had built under license. The synchronized Vickers 7.7-mm machine gun was fitted on the port side of the fuselage. The engine was a 110-hp Le Rhone 9Jb driving a Ratmanoff propeller 2.46 meters in diameter.
   The fuselage was of wood except for the forward portion extending from the firewall to the cockpit, which was metal. The forward fuselage had three longerons: one behind the firewall, a second supporting the cabane struts and landing gear, and a third at the rear of the cockpit. The lower wing spar passed between the second and third frames. The rear fuselage had four rectangular longerons. The frame for the headrest was situated over the first three frames. At the rear of the fuselage steel tubes supported the tail and landing skid. The upper wing had two parallel spars and a dihedral of four degrees. The lower wing had a single large spar and, as mentioned earlier, no dihedral. The oil tank was in the forward fuselage. There were three fuel tanks: two in front of the cockpit and a third in the headrest fairing. Normally only a single machine gun was carried, but some HD.1s were modified to have two.
   The Hanriot HD.1, as the new machine was designated, had an impressive performance which was fully evaluated when it made its first test flights in June 1916. The aircraft had the same engine as the Nieuport 16/17 series, which was probably the reason for its rejection by the Aviation Militaire. At this time the rotary engine's eccentric traits were being widely denounced by fighter pilots, who greatly preferred the SPAD 7 and its water-cooled engine. A 150 hp Gnome Monosoupape engine was later fitted to an HD.1 which also had new fuselage fairings and an altered fin and rudder. Although tests at Villacoublay confirmed its superior performance, no series production followed.
   Although rejected by the Aviation Militaire, the Aviation Maritime adopted a modified version of the aircraft designated HD.2. The HD.1 was also widely used by the Italian, Belgian, and Swiss air services (see below).
  
Foreign Service
  
   Belgium
  
   The Aeronautique Militaire Belge ordered 79 Hanriot HD.1s in 1917. The first example was received in August 1917 by the I st Escadrille. Others were supplied to most of the fighter units, the 9th Escadrille and 11th Escadrille (at Moeres airfield) being equipped entirely with Hanriot HD. Is during the war.
   Despite the fact that the Hanriot HD.1s were found to be lightly armed and relatively slow, they were used with great success by such Belgian aces as Coppens, de Meulemeester, and Olieslagers. Field modifications included fitting two machine guns (which seriously degraded performance), fitting an HD.2 rudder to the HD.1 (which improved maneuverability), and fitting an 11-mm Vickers gun in place of the 7.7-mm weapon.
   Postwar, the Hanriot HD. Is were operated by the 7th Escadrille of the 4th Groupe de Chasse based at Schaffen. By 1926 the 7th Escadrille was based at Nivelles. Later that year the unit retired the last of its Hanriot HD.1s.
  
   Italy
  
   The Aviazione Militaire needed a replacement for its Nieuport 17s, which were becoming rapidly obsolescent. Examples of the HD.1 had been tested by Italian pilots in Paris who gave favorable reports on the new fighter. The speed, maneuverability, and climb rate were found to be considerably better than that of the Nieuport-Macchi 17s. As a result, an arrangement was made for the Societa Nieuport-Macchi to produce the HD.1 under license.
   An initial order for 100 aircraft was placed in late 1916 and production began soon after. Most were powered by a 110-hp Le Rhone engine, although some were fitted with a 120-hp 9Jby. The Vickers machine gun, which originally was offset, was relocated to the centerline of the fuselage to improve the pilot's access to the gun in flight and to make aiming easier.
   The Italians were very pleased with the HD.1. They especially appreciated its robustness and agility. It was also marginally faster than the Albatros fighters and Brandenburg D.Is it was fighting.
   The initial unit to be equipped with the type was 76 Squadriglia, which received its first in August 1917. The unit was based at Borgnano and assigned to the 6 Gruppo in the 2nd Armata sector.
   It participated in the 11th Battle of Isonzo on 18 August 1917, where the qualities of the HD.1 became readily apparent.
  
  
   HD. 1 Single-Seat Fighter HD.1 Single-Seat Fighter
   with 120-hp Le Rhone 9Jb with 110-hp Le Rhone 9Jb
   Built by Nieuport-Macchi
Dimensions:
   Span 8.7 m 8.50 m
   length 5.85 m 5.85 m
   height 2.94 m 2.5 m
   wing area 18.2 sq. m 17.50 sq. m
   Empty weight 400 kg 410 kg
   loaded weight 605 kg 600 kg
Performance:
   Max speed
   at ground level 186 km/h 183 km/h
   at 2,000 m 178 km/h
   Climb to:
   1,000 m 2 minutes 58 seconds 2 minutes 40 seconds
   2,000 m 6 minutes 3 seconds 6 minutes 40 seconds
   3,000 m 11 minutes 3 seconds 11 minutes
   4,000 m 19 minutes 30 seconds 16 minutes 30 seconds
   5,000 m 32 minutes
Ceiling: 6,000 m 5,900 m
Endurance: 2.5 hours 2.5 hours
Armament: One 7.7-mm Vickers machine gun One 7.7-mm Vickers machine gun
Production: Approximately 100 HD.1s of all Approximately 900 built under
   variants were built by Hanriot license by Nieuport-Macchi

W.Green, G.Swanborough The Complete Book of Fighters

HANRIOT HD.1 France

   The first fighter to be produced by the Societe anonyme des Appareils d’Aviation Hanriot, the HD.1 was designed by Emile Dupont and was built in the summer of 1916. Powered by a 100 hp Le Rhone rotary engine and carrying an armament of one synchronised 7,7-mm Vickers machine gun (although a few aircraft were later to be fitted with two Vickers guns), the HD.1 was an extremely compact and agile single-seat fighter. Appearing later than the SPAD S.VII which was already in production, it was not ordered by France’s Aviation militaire. It was adopted by Italy, however, and licence manufacture was undertaken by the Societa Nieuport Macchi which delivered 125 to the Aeronautica del Regio Esercito in 1917, 706 in 1918, and a further 70 after the Armistice. The HD.1 was also adopted by Belgium, to which country Hanriot supplied 79 fighters of this type from August 1917. The HD.1 continued in service in both Italy and Belgium into the mid-’twenties. In 1921, Switzerland purchased 16 from Italian war surplus stocks and retained these in service until 1930. The following data relate to the HD-1 powered by the 120 hp Le Rhone 9Jb.

Max speed, 115 mph (184 km/h) at sea level, 111 mph (178 km/h) at 6,560 ft (2 000 m).
Time to 3,280 ft (1 000 m), 2.97 min.
Ceiling, 19,685 ft (6 000 m).
Range, 224 mis (360 km).
Empty weight, 983 lb (446 kg).
Loaded weight, 1,437 lb (652 kg).
Span, 28 ft 6 1/2 in (8,70 m).
Length, 19 ft 2 1/4 in (5,85 m).
Height, 9 ft 7 1/2 in (2,94 m).
Wing area, 195.9 sq ft (18,20 m2).

E.Hauke, W.Schroeder, B.Totschinger Die Flugzeuge der k.u.k. Luftfahrtruppe und Seeflieger 1914-1918

00. Versuchs- und Beuteflugzeuge (Опытные и трофейные самолеты)
00.61 Hanriot HD 1, Nr. 50 (italienisch) Rh 120
00.72 Hanriot Hd 1 (italienisch) Rh 120

J.Davilla Italian Aviation in the First World War. Vol.2: Aircraft A-H (A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes 74)

Hanriot HD.1

  The Nieuport N.11s and N.17s were not only inferior to their Austro-Hungarian figure counterparts, but also suffered from numerous structural problems including wing failures. The latter was exacerbated by the Nieuport firms’s decision to continue to produce these aircraft with “V” interplane struts, a remnant of the time the lower wings could be swiveled along the center spar to permit adjustment of the rigging while on the ground.
  Representing the Missione Militare Aeronautica Italiana (Italian Air Force Military Mission), capitano Ermanno Beltramo met with Hanriot and his chief engineer Pierre Dupont to discuss producing the HD.1 in Italy. The Aviation Militaire had decided to continue to rely on the SPAD 7 and forthcoming SPAD 13s to equip its fighter escadrilles. The HD.1 was seen as passe and no orders were forthcoming for the fighter variant. This created an opportunity for Hanriot to salvage their design, and for the Italians to modernize their fighter force.
  The Italian pilots prized maneuverability above all else (the perceived lack of that quality had ended the career of the very promising Ansaldo SVA as a fighter), and the HD.1s were very agile aircraft.
  The Hanriot was demonstrated in Italy in February 1917. It was decided that both the Hanriot firm and Nieuport-Macchi would produce the aircraft. In fact, Macchi not only built a new plant at Cocquio S. Andrea sole to build the new fighters, but they also ended their participation in the Ca.5 production program so they could concentrate on building HD.1s.
  This turned out to be a wise decision, as production delays and the Armistice would bring an early end to Ca.5 production, while Macchi went on to build 901 examples of Hanriot’s fighter. The Hanriot firm, itself, built at least 210 fighters, 90 of them were built and delivered after the war (24207-24266 and 24458-24487).
  Most were powered by a 110-hp Le Rhone engine, although some were fitted with a 120-hp 9Jby. The Vickers machine gun, which originally was offset, was relocated to the centerline of the fuselage to improve the pilot’s access to the gun in flight (as Italian ammunition frequently jammed the guns) and to make aiming easier.
  The Italians were very pleased with the HD.1. They especially appreciated its robustness and agility. It was also marginally faster than the Albatros fighters and Brandenburg D.Is it was fighting. However, as time passed problems developed.The HD.1s suffered from twisted and deformed wings (reminiscent of similar complaints with the Nieuport fighters), excessive vibration, and airframe defects.
  Growing dissatisfaction with the type became apparent. 73a Squadriglia’s commander, tenente de Biasi, complained to XXI Gruppo about frequent breakages of bolts and pins, and weakening of the aircraft’s tail surfaces. On 27 June, an aircraft suffered from rudder bar failure. The pilot succeeded in landing his machine with great difficulty. The unit reported that in March it had only two operational Hanriots.
  The Hanriots were also slower than the enemy planes, meaning that the Austro-Hungarian pilots could easily avoid combat. In September the commander stated that the engine performance was poor and 15 of the rotary engines had to be repaired. Note that these machines were being built under license in Italy, suggesting the problems with the type’s construction may have begun in Italy.
  By September 1918 the HD.1s were regarded as inferior to the newer Austro-Hungarian fighters being encountered over the front. The decision was made to replace all Hanriots with the new Ansaldo A.1s. However, production delays resulted in only a handful of A.1s being delivered before the Armistice.
  As noted below, the HD.1s were forced to soldier on until 1925 until enough new aircraft had arrived to replace them.
  Even then the HD.1s continued in service with the scuole, most notably with “Airone” school (later CAB from June 1927), which used HD.1s with 40-hp engine (for use as “penguins”) or 80-hp for limited flights. Some HD.1s were converted to two-seaters, although it is unclear if dual controls were fitted. Alegi notes that in 1927 CAB obtained its AR models directly from the Hanriot firm in 1927. The firm built at least 39 AR.1 single-seaters and at least 12 AR.2 two seaters. The last AR was registered in May 1932.

Operational Service

  The initial unit to be equipped with the type was 76 Squadriglia, which received its first in August 1917. The unit was based at Borgnano and assigned to the 6 Gruppo in the 2nd armata sector. It participated in the 11th Battle of Isonzo on 18 August 1917, where the qualities of the HD.1 became readily apparent.
  During 1917 many of the other Italian fighter units received the type. The units equipped with Hanriot HD.1s on 20 November 1917 were:
  X Gruppo (assigned to the Supreme Command): 70a, 82a, and 91a Squadriglias.
  XIII Gruppo (3rd armata): 80a and 83a Squadriglias.
  VI Gruppo (4th armata): 76a, 78a, and 81a Squadriglias, two Sezione of HD. 1s assigned to defend Padova.
  On 26 December 1917 HD.1s of VI and X Gruppo Aeroplani participated in the air war over Istrana. By the end of 1917 there had been substantial changes in the dispositions of the HD.1 units. The new organization was:
  X Gruppo (Supreme Command): 70a, 82a, and 91a Squadriglias.
  Ill Gruppo (1st armata): 72a Squadriglias.
  XIII Gruppo (3rd armata): 80a and 83a Squadriglias.
  VI Gruppo (4th armata): 76a, 78a, and 81a Squadriglias.
  By the time of the Battle of the Piave in June 1918 the following units had Hanriot HD.1s on strength:
  X Gruppo (Supreme Command): 70a, 80a, and 91a Squadriglias.
  XVI Gruppo (1st armata): 71a and 80a Squadriglias. VI Gruppo (4th armata): 76a Squadriglia.
  IX Gruppo (7th armata/9th armatas): 72a and 74a Squadriglias.
  XV Gruppo (8th armata): 78a and 79a Squadriglias.
  214a Squadriglia (Regia Marina).
  The Italian fighter command concentrated 120 fighters over the battlefield. This “Massa de Caccia,” the majority of which were Hanriot HD.1s, proved very successful, and these units claimed 107 enemy aircraft and seven balloons destroyed between 15 and 23 June.
  HD.1 units also saw action in Albania (85a Squadriglia Caccia based at Piskupi), Macedonia (73a Squadriglia Caccia based at Negocani), and Venezia Lido (214a Squadriglia of the Italian navy).
  The Hanriot HD.1 remained in service throughout the war. By the Battle of Vittorio Veneto on 20 October 1918 the number of squadriglias using the aircraft had increased from 10 to 14 with a total of 144 HD.1s in service. These were as follows:
  III Gruppo (1st armata): 75a Squadriglia.
  VI Gruppo (4th armata): 6a and 81a Squadriglias.
  VIII Gruppo (Albania): 85a Squadriglia.
  IX Gruppo (7th armata/9th armata):72a Squadriglia.
  X Gruppo (Supreme Command): 70a and 82a Squadriglias.
  XIII Gruppo (3rd armata): 80a Squadriglia
  XVI Gruppo (1st armata): 71a Squadriglia.
  20 Gruppo: 74a Squadriglia.
  XXI Gruppo (35th Divisione in Macedonia): 73a Squadriglia.
  XXIII Gruppo (9th armata): 79a Squadriglia.
  24 Gruppo (6th armata): 83a Squadriglia.
  241 Squadriglia (Marina Italiana).
  Squadriglias 72a, 73a, 76a, 80a, and 81a were equipped only with HD.1s; the other units operated a mixture of HD.1s, Nieuport 27s, and SPAD 7s.
  A total of 1,700 Hanriot HD.1s were ordered from the Nieuport Macchi firm and by the time of the Armistice 831 had been delivered. An additional 70 were delivered after the Armistice.

  By 1926 the Hanriot HD.1s were retired to the training units, having been replaced by the new Fiat C.R. 1.


HD.1 Single-Seat Fighter with 110-hp Le Rhone 9Jb Built by Nieuport-Macchi
  Wingspan 8.50 m; length 5.85 in, height 2.5 in; wing area 17.50 sq. m
  Empty weight 410 kg; loaded weight 600 kg
  Maximum speed: 183 km/h
  Climb: 1,000 in 2 minutes 40 seconds; 2,000 in 6 minutes 40 seconds; 3,000 m in 11 minutes; 4,000 in 16 minutes 30 seconds; ceiling 5,900 in; endurance 2.5 hours
  Armament: one 7.7-mm Vickers machine gun
  Approximately 900 built under license by Nieuport-Macchi