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Страна: Франция

Год: 1916

Истребитель

В.Кондратьев Самолеты первой мировой войны

Nieuport 17/21/23

   Дальнейшее развитие типа "Ньюпора-16". Самолет с тем же мотором, но с несколько увеличенными геометрическими размерами, усиленной конструкцией планера и улучшенной аэродинамикой. Основные внешние отличия - круглый, замкнутый снизу капот (вместо подковообразного) и более плавные переходы от капота к плоским бортам фюзеляжа, вместо треугольных алюминиевых накладок, характерных для ранних "ньюпоров". Некотрые экземпляры комплектовались большим округлым коком винта, но в частях его обычно снимали.
   Вооружение - один синхронный "Виккерс", который иногда дополняли несинхронным "Льюисом" над верхним крылом. В редких случаях "по-старинке" ограничивались только одним надкрыльевым "Льюисом" (вероятно, из- за нехватки "виккерсов" или синхронизаторов к ним).
   Машина строилась массовыми сериями. Во Франции выпущено не менее 2000 экземпляров, из которых более полутора тысяч поступили на вооружение французских эскадрилий, а остальные передали британцам или отправили в Россию.
   Одновременно с "Ньюпором-17" во Франции и России строили "Ньюпор-21" с двигателем "Рон" в 80 л .с. и открытым снизу капотом "раннего" типа. Из-за относительно слабого мотора на Западе эту машину, как правило, применяли в качестве учебной, но в России она нередко встречалась и в боевых частях.
   Очередной версией популярного французского истребителя стал "Ньюпор-23", появившийся в июне 1916 года. Он оснащался двигателем "Рон" 9Je мощностью в 120 л.с. Единственным внешним отличием "23-го" французской постройки от "17-го" был пулемет "Виккерс", смещенный вправо от продольной оси фюзеляжа, что объяснялось особенностями работы синхронизатора. "Ньюпор-23" выпускался также в России, причем русские машины этой модификации имели удлиненную на 0,6 м. хвостовую часть фюзеляжа для сохранения центровки при установке более тяжелого мотора. Кроме того, на них ставили элероны, имевшие равную ширину по всему размаху.
   Московский завод "Дукс" в 1916-17 годах построил свыше 500 "ньюпоров-17", -21 и -23, еще более 200 сделано на других российских авиазаводах, в том числе порядка 50 - на РБВЗ. 150 экземпляров машины вышло из цехов завода итальянской фирмы "Ньюпор-Макки".
   Первые "ньюпоры-17" поступили на вооружение французской эскадрильи №57 2 мая 1916 года. В дальнейшем на эти машины перевооружили еще более 20 французских истребительных эскадрилий, а также восемь дивизионов RNAS и пять дивизионов RFC, воевавших на западном фронте. Кроме того, самолет активно применялся на восточном фронте, в Италии, Палестине, Македонии и Месопотамии. На "ньюпорах-17" в 1916 году летала американская добровольческая эскадрилья "Лафайет", воевавшая в составе французских ВВС на западном фронте, а также несколько бельгийских, румынских и греческих эскадрилий. 20 машин закупили голландцы.
   "Ньюпоры-17" и -23 ни в чем, кроме, огневой мощи, не уступали своим основным оппонентам - немецким истребителям "Альбатрос" и "Хальберштадт". С середины 1916-го и до начала следующего года они составляли основу французской истребительной авиации. В России эти машины использовались вплоть до выхода страны из Первой мировой войны, а затем - на фронтах гражданской и польско-советской войн.
   Высокие качества машины по достоинству оценили не только союзники Франции, но и ее враги. С ноября 1916 года по июль 1917-го в Германии на фирме "Сименс-Шуккерт" под индексом SSW D.I серийно выпускалась копия трофейного "Ньюпора-17". Всего построено около 100 таких истребителей, оснащенных ротативными моторами "Оберурсель" и применявшихся, в основном, на восточном фронте.

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Описание:

  • В.Кондратьев Самолеты первой мировой войны
  • А.Шепс Самолеты Первой мировой войны. Страны Антанты
  • В.Шавров История конструкций самолетов в СССР до 1938 г.
  • J.Davilla, A.Soltan French Aircraft of the First World War (Flying Machines)
  • W.Green, G.Swanborough The Complete Book of Fighters
  • O.Thetford Aircraft of the Royal Air Force since 1918 (Putnam)
  • O.Thetford British Naval Aircraft since 1912 (Putnam)
  • H.Nowarra, G.Duval Russian Civil and Military Aircraft 1884-1969
  • A.Durkota, T.Darcey, V.Kulikov The Imperial Russian Air Service (Flying Machines)
  • E.Hauke, W.Schroeder, B.Totschinger Die Flugzeuge der k.u.k. Luftfahrtruppe und Seeflieger 1914-1918
  • J.Davilla Italian Aviation in the First World War. Vol.3: Aircraft M-W (A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes 75)
  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    Bearing the serial number of the original Nie.17 flown by Lt. W A Bishop in No.60 Sqn, RFC, this exquisite airworthy reproduction aircraft was built in 1962 by Carl Swanson at Sycamore, Illinois, and is in the collection of Canada’s National Aviation Museum at Rockcliffe, Ontario.
    Inset: one observation about the Nieuport 17 that almost certainly applies to the 11 and 16 concerns the fuselage covering. Whenever the NAM Nieuport 17 had the engine running on the ground, or was flying, the fabric on the sides of the fuselage behind the cockpit ‘sucked-in’ making the vertical fuselage members stand out in relief. In bright light conditions the shadows this caused were quite noticeable while the aircraft was in flight as this photo shows.

  • W.Green, G.Swanborough - The Complete Book of Fighters

    The Nie 21, that being a replica with some genuine components in Brazil’s Museu Aeroespacial.

  • A.Olejko - War Wings Over Galicia 1918-1919 /Aeronaut/

    Krzysztof Cwynar's Flying Circus... In southern Poland, Podkarpackie region, for several years, air shows have included two flying reproductions of fighter aircraft from the Great War, type Nieuport 11 and Nieuport 17. In 2018, their show honored the 3rd International Aviation Conference in Gorlice-Szymbark. (author's collection)

    Другие самолёты на фотографии: Nieuport Nieuport-11/16 Bebe - Франция - 1915

  • W.Green, G.Swanborough - The Complete Book of Fighters

    An Nie 17 of the RFC, this particular example serving in Palestine with No 111 Squadron.

  • H.Cowin - Aviation Pioneers /Osprey/

    The then Captain William Avery Bishop, photographed in the cockpit of his No 60 Squadron, RFC, Nieuport 17, serial no B 1556. Destined to survive World War I with a confirmed score of 72 victories, 'Billy' Bishop was born in Ontario, Canada, on 8 February 1894, Bishop was already a Lieutenant with a Canadian cavalry unit at the outbreak of war. As with other aces-to-be, Bishop started his flying career as an observer in Royal Aircraft Factory RE 7s of No 21 Squadron, RFC, during the autumn of 1915. Hospitalised with a knee injury sustained in a crash landing early in 1916, Bishop then underwent pilot training, following which he spent the rest of the year and early 1917 flying the Royal Aircraft Factory BE 2c with a UK-based anti-airship unit. In mid-March 1917, the young Canadian was posted to No 60 Squadron, RFC, operating Nieuports over the Western Front. Just over a week later, 'Billy' Bishop was to score his first 'kill'. During the next five months, Bishop's tally rose to 36, with his lone 2 June 1917 attack on a German airfield earning him the coveted Victoria Cross for exceptional bravery. After an enforced extended leave back in Canada, Major Bishop, as he now was, returned to France in mid-March to command the Royal Aircraft Factory SE 5a-equipped No 85 Squadron, RFC. Between then and 19 June 1918, 'Billy' Bishop doubled his score of confirmed victories before being effectively forced to quit operational flying for public relations reasons. Bishop returned to Canada after the war, where he helped create the Royal Canadian Air Force, becoming an Air Vice Marshal in the process. 'Billy' Bishop died on 11 September 1956.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    This captured RFC Nieuport 17 was B1514 (though some official records list it as a Nie.23). It had been at No.l AD by April 4 1917, and was with No.60 Squadron by April 22. On May 6 2/Lt. C W McKissock was obliged to land in enemy territory, and was made PoW. His aircraft had a cutaway cowling, and rocket-tube attachment points were on the interplane struts.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    B1640 went to No.40 Squadron, RFC, on May 3 1917, but its operational career was brief. On May 13, Lt. A B Raymond was obliged to land in German-held territory, shot down by Ltn. Ermecke of Jasta 33.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    A Nieuport of No.40 Squadron, RFC. In the cockpit is (it is believed) Lt. Gordon T Pettigrew, who is known to have sent down an Albatros D.V out of control on June 25 1917, while he was flying B1683.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    The first of the RFC’s many Nie.17s was, like the Nie.16s that preceded it, a transfer from the RNAS. This was SFA N1553, which came to the RFC on July 19 1916, and was numbered A200. It had a cone de penetration and transparent panels in the upper wing. A200 went briefly to No.11 Squadron, RFC, but on August 28 1916, was transferred to No.60 Squadron. Albert Ball flew it on September 15, armed with Le Prieur rockets, bent on destroying enemy balloons. Frustrated because the balloons were hauled down, he fired his rockets at a German fighter; all missed, but Ball closed and shot down the enemy. His Nieuport must have been hit, possibly by defensive ground fire, for it was sent to No.2 AD for repair on September 16. The aircraft returned to No.60 Squadron on December 16. Early in February 1917 it suffered the wing distortion that affected several Nieuports but evidently survived. Following damage late in March, it went to No.2 AD on March

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    The size and proportions of the cone de penetration of the Nie. 17 can be assessed from this photograph of Lt. Albert Ball, taken in the garden of his Nottingham home while he was on leave. The RFC seemed to be quick to discard this refinement from its early Nieuports, which is probably why Ball was allowed to have his as a souvenir. It was painted red.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    The Nie.17s of ‘C’ Flight, No.29 Squadron, RFC. The aircraft at right, marked 5C, is A6788, which was at No.l AD by March 30 1917. It went to No.29 Squadron on April 9, was sent to No.2 AD for repair on May 19, but evidently returned to the unit and was finally sent to No.l AD on December 2 1917. Beside it stands A6787, which was at No.l AD by March 27 1917, and went to No.29 Squadron on April 9. On May 11, Lt. A S Shephard on this aircraft destroyed an Albatros D.III; and the Nieuport was sent to No.2 AD for repair on June 15.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    Most of the assorted Nieuports acquired by the United States Air Service were used for training purposes in France. This Nie.17 was photographed at Issoudun, wearing on its fuselage the number 31 in large characters, plus ‘15m’ in smaller characters, presumably to intimate that this was a Nieuport with 15 sq. m. wing area.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    An Escadrille Lafayette pilot, Dudley Hill, in a Nie.17 that had both a Vickers gun and an overwing Lewis. The increased fire-power was doubtless valuable, but the additional gun must have reduced the aircraft's performance seriously.

  • H.Cowin - Aviation Pioneers /Osprey/

    Despite having been born in France of French parentage, Raoul Gervais Victor Lufbery has deservedly gone into the annals of aviation as one of the brave young men who helped in the forging of US military aviation during World War I. Lufbery was born on 14 March 1885, emigrating with his parents to the US at the stare of the 1890s. At seventeen and footloose, Lufbery ran away from home, travelling to Europe and the Middle East before returning to the US to join the Army as a rifleman. It was the US Army that furthered his knowledge of the world by sending him to the Philippines, from where, on Army discharge, he proceeded to explore South East Asia in 1910. Two years on and Lufbery's path crosses that of French pilot, Marc Pourpe, who hired Lufbery as the mechanic for his Bleriot. At the outbreak of war both men were still together and, by now, back in France, Pourpe volunteered and with his previous flying experience soon found himself with Escadrille N 23. Initially rejected as a foreigner by the French authorities, Lufbery was contemplating joining the French Foreign Legion when Pourpe, in need of a tried and trusted mechanic, intervened on his behalf. Sadly, shortly after rejoining Pourpe, his benefactor was killed. During the late spring of 1915, Lufbery was selected for pilot training, gaining his 'wings' on 29 July 1915. His introduction to combat came in October 1915 piloting two seater Voisins with Escadrille VB 106. Happily for Lufbery, he was selected for single seaters early in 1916 and following type conversion training joined the Nieuport 11-equipped Escadrille Lafayette on 24 May 1916. French-led, this unit was manned by American volunteer pilots. Here, within the space of less than five months, Lufbery made his mark by becoming an ace, that is having amassed the necessary five 'kills', on 12 October 1916. Commissioned in early 1917, Lufbery continued flying for the French with the Escadrille Lafayette until January 1918, when the unit and its personnel were transferred to the American Expeditionary Forces's control. By now holding the US rank of major, Lufbery was given command of the 94th Aero, equipped with Nieuport 28s. This unit became operational on 19 March 1918 and two months later Raoul Lufbery was killed after falling from his blazing Nieuport on 19 May 1918. Seen here standing besides his Nieuport 17, with its Escadrille Lafayette's Indian Head emblem. Lufbery's ultimate confirmed score stood at 17 'kills'.

  • Сайт - Pilots-and-planes /WWW/

    A Nie.17, one of the single seat trainers used by a United States' flying training school in France, hence the retention of the tricolor roundels

  • H.Cowin - Aviation Pioneers /Osprey/

    Both manpower and material were major initial contributions America brought to the war as pictured by these US Army Signal Corps mechanics re-assembling Nieuport 17s at Issoudun in France during May 1917. After August 1917, Issoudun was to become the biggest and best known of the sixteen American advanced flying training schools established in France. At the time of the Armistice, these flying training schools were producing around 2.000 pilots per month, including those undergoing refresher training.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    A Nie.17 of the Estonian air force, photographed at Tallinn in 1925.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    Among the motley collection of Nieuports operated by the Finnish air service in its earliest years was this Duks-built Nie.17. Initially numbered D86/18, it was given the new identity of ID453, and was in service during the period 1918 - 1923. In Winter it was flown with a ski undercarriage. It could have been one of two Nie.l7s (N1899 and N1900) that were flown to Finland in April 1918 by two White Russian officers, Captains Igor and Oleg Zaizewsky.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    A Nie.23 of No.40 Squadron RFC; believed to be A6786. The RFC found that in the Nie.23 there was a different disposition of packing pieces at the inboard ends of the upper wing panels, consequently different drillings had to be made for the securing bolts of the Foster gun-mounting.

  • W.Green, G.Swanborough - The Complete Book of Fighters

    The Nie 23 served side-by-side in French escadrilles with the fundamentally similar Nie 17.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    B3494 had been with No.29 Squadron, RFC, in France in July 1917; on July 31 2/Lt. D F Hilton, flying this Nieuport 23, destroyed two balloons, one at Westhoek that morning, the other at Polygon Racecourse that evening. On August 9 he drove down an Albatros D.V out of control near Langevarde, another east of Houthulst Forest two days later, and a third east of Zonnebeke on August 16. By January 21 1918, B3494 was in Egypt and was in the Repair Park; as at February 12 it had engine No. 100939/ WD9025. This photograph was reported to have been taken in Palestine: if correct, that could imply possible use by No.14 or No.111 Squadron.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    This Nie.23, thought to be of No.l Squadron, RFC had what looked like a variant of one of the French types of Lewis-gun mounting, not a Foster mounting, despite the instructions of June 13 and November 20 1916, that RFC Nieuport scouts were to be fitted with the Foster.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    In its official lists of Royal Naval aircraft the RNAS had a regrettable practice of using the vague description ‘Nieuport 1-seater, 80-hp Le Rhone' for aircraft that were not identical. Statements of squadron aircraft would generally indicate that those numbered 3956 - 3958 and 8745 - 8751 were known in the Service as Nieuport 17B. All were in use by August 1916, just before the French SFA designation Type 21 was introduced, so it is hardly surprising that the RNAS did not use it. In a minute dated February 26 1917, Acting Wing Commander Alec Ogilvie of RNAS Dunkerque confirmed that, . . the 17B type of 80 Le Rhone Nieuport. . . is a machine with 15 sq. m. of surface in place of the 13 sq. m. of the old Nieuport 80 Le Rhone Baby'. This leaves little doubt that the RNAS’s Nieuport 17Bs would have come as Nie.21s had they been delivered later. No.3956 had reached the Dunkerque Depot by August 10 1916, and was initially allocated to No.2 Flight of ‘A’ Squadron in No.l Wing at Fumes. Flight Lieutenant G V Leather was flying it on October 20 when he shot down a twin-engine seaplane off Ostend. Six days later 3956 was in ‘A’ Flight of the Detached Squadron that became No.8 (Naval) Squadron; and on December 4 Flight Sub-Lieutenant G G Simpson on 3956 shared with Flight Lieutenant C R Mackenzie on 8750 in the destruction of an Albatros D.I near Bapaume. By January 5 1917, 3956 was with No.3 (Naval) Squadron and acquired the name Binky. Subsequent moves took it to No.9 (Naval) by February 1, and to No.11 (Naval) by March 28. Flight Sub Lieutenant A E Hall was injured in a crash on May 12 1917, and 3956 was sent to the Dunkerque Depot that day. Its deletion was approved on May 16 1917.

  • A.Durkota, T.Darcey, V.Kulikov - The Imperial Russian Air Service /Flying Machines/

    Two Nieuport fighters undergoing repair in a typical workshop. F.F. Tereshchenko developed a similar type of repair center on his estate in Chervonny where he repaired many aircraft for frontline units. He also organized a repair service train that traveled to the front area to fix damaged airplanes without having to ship them back to the factories.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    These close-ups of the sole genuine Nieuport 'vee-strutter’ single-seat fighter survivor, Type 23 N5024, currently being restored by Belgium's Musee Royal de l’Armee, provide some rarely-appreciated details. On the photo, three views reveal cowl lip, slots and flanges and the fuselage underside cut-out behind the engine.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    Port upper wing showing fabric strip covering the aileron gap; next, a general view of N5024 with the famous Comet insignia of 5""' Escadrille; next, the wooden tail skid fairing was usually plain varnished not doped aluminium as here; lowest, port undercarriage leg and axle detail.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    Frontal aspect of the Brussels’ Nieuport 23 showing the cowl lip and riveting to advantage; centre, windscreen, cockpit padding and aileron crank - wood strip covering of forward fuselage visible in cockpit; lowest, starboard aspect of the same area with rear cabane and wing cut-out detail.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    This view of the forward fuselage emphasises the offset position of the Vickers gun on the Type 23; centre, two views of the cockpit (incomplete). There was no dashboard, instruments being attached to various fuselage members. Finally, at foot, the varnished ply seat.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    Forward fuselage and cockpit area of a Nieuport 17. The control column is well over to port, and the cross member that actuated the aileron connecting rods is at a considerable angle.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    Forward-fuselage structural details of one of the later 110-hp variants, probably a 17 or 23. The steel band visible under the fuselage was the retaining strap that secured the engine cowling.

  • J.Bruce - Nieuport Fighters /Albatros/

    A fixed Lewis gun, regulated by the Alkan-Hamy synchronizing mechanism, on what was probably an early production Nieuport 17. Such an installation must have been rare on the type.