А.Шепс Самолеты Первой мировой войны. Страны Антанты

Фарман MF.27 1915 г.

   После того как с началом боевых действий выяснилось, что существующие машины "Фарман" не удовлетворяют требованиям военных, так как эти машины были слишком тихоходны и имели маленький радиус действия, фирма начала строительство новой машины, обладавшей лучшими летными качествами. Это был ферменный трехстоечный биплан. Гондола с невысокими бортами имела деревянный каркас и обшивку из фанеры. В гондоле пилот располагался спереди, а за ним наблюдатель. За его спиной располагались топливный и масляный баки и трубчатые радиаторы по бортам гондолы. В хвостовой части гондолы - двигатель с толкающим винтом. Двигатель 9-цилиндровый, жидкостного охлаждения, звездообразный, "Сальмсон" мощностью 150 л. с.
   Пояса ферм выполнялись из стальных труб, стойки крыльев и ферм - деревянные. Расчалки - рояльная проволока диаметром 2,5 мм.
   Крыло двухлонжеронное, имело деревянную конструкцию. Лонжероны изготавливались из деревянного бруса. Нервюры - из фанеры и бруса. Обтягивалось крыло полотном с двух сторон и пришивалось к нервюрам. Швы проклеивались. На крыле устанавливались элероны. Шасси четырехколесное по типу самолетов "Вуазен". Оперение обычное для самолетов этого типа.
   Самолет оказался не очень удачным. Прочность конструкции была недостаточной, к тому же маневренность машины была просто удручающей. Выпущенный небольшой серией самолет во Франции практически не участвовал в боевых действиях. В России выпущенные на заводе "Дукс" 50 машин применялись в 1916 году в авиаотрядах Юго-Западного фронта. Вооружение - 1 пулемет на шкворневой установке.


ЛЕТНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
  
   F.27, 1915г.
   Размах, м. 16,15
   Длина, м. 9,22
   Площадь крыла, кв.м. 60,60
   Сухой вес, кг. 700
   Взлетный вес, кг 1050
   Двигатель: "Сальмсон"
   мощность, л. с. 150
   Скорость макс., км/ч. 132
   Время набора
   высоты 2000 м, мин 20
   Дальность полета, км 520
   Потолок, м. 4500
   Экипаж, чел. 2
   Вооружение 1 пулемет
   200 кг бомб

В.Шавров История конструкций самолетов в СССР до 1938 г.

"Фарман-27" (Ф-27, "Фардва"). Это был трехстоечный биплан с крыльями одинаковых размеров, с хвостовой фермой, сходившейся к рулю направления, с низкой (чуть выше колен) гондолой и четырехколесным шасси. Крылья имели удлинение 8, конструкция их деревянная, пояса хвостовых ферм - стальные трубы, все расчалки - рояльная проволока 2,5-мм. В гондоле летчик помещался впереди, наблюдатель сзади. Пулемет устанавливался на шкворне, укрепленном на дуге над головой летчика.

   Самолет строился серийно на заводе "Дукс" в 1916 г. Всего было выпущено 50 самолетов. Вызывала сомнение прочность крыльев, которые не выдержали статических испытаний. В связи с этим студентами В. П. Ветчинкиным и А. А. Архангельским под руководством Н. Е. Жуковского были произведены проверочные расчеты самолетов на прочность. Оказалось, что запас прочности их был невелик и расчетные напряжения в деревянных полках лонжеронов достигали 990 кг/см2. Самолет обладал плохой маневренностью, однако применялся на фронте, и летавший на нем известный военный летчик А. К. Туманский сумел даже сбить немецкий истребитель.


Самолет||
Год выпуска||1916
Двигатель, марка||
   Мощность||150
Длина самолета, м||9,22
Размах крыла, м||16,15
Площадь крыла, м2||60,60
Масса пустого, кг||700
Масса топлива+ масла, кг||160+24
Масса полной нагрузки, кг||350
Полетная масса, кг||1050
Удельная нагрузка на крыло, кг/м2||17,3
Удельная нагрузка на мощность, кг/лс||7,0
Весовая отдача, %||33
Скорость максимальная у земли, км/ч||132
Скорость посадочная, км/ч||60
Время набора высоты||
   500 м, мин||3,5
   1000 м, мин||7,5
   2000 м, мин||20
   3000 м, мин||34
Потолок практический, м||4500
Продолжительность полета, ч.||4,0
Дальность полета, км||520

J.Davilla, A.Soltan French Aircraft of the First World War (Flying Machines)

Henri Farman H.F.26

  The H.F.25 was designed in 1913 as a two-seat touring plane not intended for military use. The next Henri Farman type was the H.F.26, designed as a two-seat reconnaissance machine. The H.F.26 was built in January 1914 and equipped with a 155-hp Canton Unne R9 engine. It is not known if any H.F.26s were used by the Aviation Militaire or other air services.


H.F.26 Two-Seat Reconnaissance Plane with 155-hp Canton Unne R9
   Span 16.08 m; length 8.88 m; height 3.52 m; wing area 39 sq. m



Henri Farman H.F.27

  The H.F.27 represented the final development of the basic H.F.20 design. In many ways it represented an attempt to correct some of the flaws discovered in the series during the first few months of the war. The H.F.20s had been found incapable of carrying a satisfactory bomb load and their performance had been mediocre. The wood and canvas structure of the H.F.20s had made them vulnerable to weather and general conditions front-line units faced. In fact, H.F.22s sent to units operating in the Mediterranean area were found to be unable to function in such a hostile climate. The H.F.27 featured an all-metal structure that could resist the damage inflicted by hot climes. To handle the increased weight, a more powerful 140-hp Gnome or Canton-Unne R9 was fitted and the wings were enlarged. Finally, the undercarriage was converted to the quadracycle layout used so successfully by the Voisin bombers. This undercarriage not only gave better support for the aircraft's increased weight, but also reduced the risk of crash landings on soft ground. Armament consisted of a single machine gun and a variable bomb load.
  The plane first flew in February 1915 and they were offered to the Aviation Militaire in a letter from the Farman firm dated 5 May 1916. This letter, written by Henri Farman, was addressed io General Hirschauer. Farman pointed out that the H.F.27 was being operated in Russia. In testing it had attained a maximum speed ol 145 km/h; carried a payload of 400 kg; and could reach 2.000 in in 12 minutes. In another lest an H.F.27 carried seven persons (a total of 600 kg) to an altitude of 2,730 meters. Static testing performed in the presence of French officers, including Chalais Mendon and Capitaine Provost, established that the aircraft had a load coefficient of live. Flight tests revealed the aircraft was easy to land, had good maneuverability, and the crew's field of vision was good. However, the H.F.27s were probably not assigned to French escadrilles. The units assigned to the A.F.O. in 1915 were, instead, equipped primarily with Voisin 5s and M.F.11s.
  At least one example ol the H.F.27 was tested with a 240-hp Renault engine.


Foreign Service

Greece
  Four H.F.27s were used by the Hellenic "Z" Squadron based in the Aegean Sea area. The first Greek pilots to be lost in combat during the First World War (I. Chalkias, B. Lazaris, and D. Argyropoulos) were killed while flying H.F.27s.

Russia
  The Imperial Russian Air Service acquired a large number of H.F.27s, many built by the Dux plant. A total of 50 were built in Russia. The Dux H.F.27s were described as having poor maneuverability and the airframe was unable to withstand severe stress. By March 1917 there were 11 H.F.27s still in service distributed as follows: northern front (1), western from (5), southwestern front (3), and Romanian front (2). Three months later the number had increased to 14 with nine on the western front and five on Caucuses front. By the end of the war most H.F.27s were relegated Io training duties, At least one pilot, A.K. Tumansky, used his H.F.27 to destroy a German fighter.

United Kingdom
  The RFC and RNAS used a number of H.F.27s in the Aegean area. The RFC was the first to obtain H.F.27s and they were assigned to Nos.3 and 5 Squadrons. Six more were obtained from the Admiralty and these were given serials 1801 through 1806. Five went to No.5 Squadron and one to No.3 Squadron. Fight more were ordered in November 1911 and appear to have been sent to No.26 Squadron in mid-1915. Only three could be assembled from the parts that arrived and these were used for reconnaissance from Mbagui and, later, Morogoro. The RFC was satisfied with the aircraft's performance and another 20 were obtained from the RNAS in July 1915. These served with the Air detachment of the Union Expeditionary Force, No.26 (South African) Squadron, Aden Flight of No.31 Squadron. No.31 Squadron in India, and one was used by No.36 Squadron in Mesopotamia. The H.F.27s were used for reconnaissance and bombing and their durability can be assessed from the fact that the type remained in service until 1918.
  The RNAS acquired its first H.F.27s in July 1915. The type was also based in the Aegean and used as a bomber. The H.F.27s were assigned to Nos. 1, 2, and 3 Squadrons (later Nos.1, 2, and 3 Wings RNAS). One dropped a 500-lb bomb on Turkish barracks in December 1915. Bombing raids were also staged by the RNAS units in Belgium. At least two submarines were attacked and airship LZ-38 was destroyed in its shed by RNAS H.F.27s.
  The RNAS aircraft were: Nos.3617-3636: 140-hp Canton-Unne (1 Wing); Nos.3900-3939: 150-hp Canton-Unne (2 Wing at Imbros and RFC Force D); Nos.8238-8249: 140-hp Canton-Unne (Nos. 1 and 3 Wings); No.9099: 160-hp Canton-Unne (Calshot); Nos.9134-9153: 160-hp Canton-Unne (2 Wing); Nos.9251-9275: 150-hp Canton Unne; only 9251 delivered (two engines?); N3000-N3049; 150-hp Canton-Unne (2 Wing. RFC).

H.F.27 Three-Seat Reconnaissance Plane with 155-hp Canton-Unne R9
   Empty weight 770 kg; loaded weight 1,170 kg
   Maximum speed: 147 km/h at sea level; 145 km/h at 2,000 in: 142 km/h at 3,000 m; climb to 2,000 m in 12 minutes; climb to 4,000 m in 30 minutes (with a crew of three); ceiling 4.800 m; endurance 2 hours 40 minutes
   Armament: one 0.303 Lewis gun and up to 250 kg of bombs

H.F.27 Three-Seat Reconnaissance Plane with 240-hp Renault
   Span 16.147 m; length 9.21 m. height 3.45 m; wing area 62 sq. m
   Maximum speed: 160 km/h; endurance 7 hours (with 500 kg payload). 8 hours (440 kg), 11 hours (320 kg), 15 hours (200 kg)

O.Thetford British Naval Aircraft since 1912 (Putnam)

HENRY FARMAN F.27

   Extensively employed by the RNAS in the Aegean war theatre in 1915-16, the Henry Farman F.27 had first appeared in 1914. It was notable for its all-steel tubular airframe construction which was very rugged and suitable for the hot climates where it mainly operated. Unlike other Henry Farman variants, it had equal-span wings and a four-wheeled undercarriage. It could carry eight 16 lb bombs and served at the Dardanelles with No.2 Wing, RNAS. Commander C.R. Samson describes his experiences in his Henry Farman F.27 (No.1241) in his entertaining book Fights and Flights. On 14 December 1914 he bombed enemy batteries near Ostend during the first night flight of the War by either side. Later, in 1915, he flew No.1241 during the Dardanelles campaign. About eighty were supplied to the RNAS including 3617-3636, 3900-3919, 8243-8249 and N3000-3024. One 140 hp or 160 hp Canton-Unne (Salmson) engine. Span, 53 ft. Length, 30 ft 3 in. Maximum speed, 90 mph at 6,500 ft. Climb, 14 min to 6,500 ft. Endurance, 4 hr.