В.Кондратьев Самолеты первой мировой войны
Цельнометаллический свободнонесущий моноплан с гофрированной дюралевой обшивкой всех поверхностей.
Конструкция самолета чрезвычайно перспективна для своего времени. Каркас крыла - клепаная пространственная ферма из дюралевых труб. Фюзеляж - полумонокок, в котором роль продольных силовых элементов выполнял гофр.
Машина спроектирована на фирме Юнкерс Флюгцойгверк в начале 1918 года как развитие типа одноместного истребителя "Юнкерс" D-I. Он отличался увеличенными размерами и наличием задней кабины, оснащенной турелью с пулеметом. Кроме того, было несколько усилено шасси. Первый полет прототипа с фабричным обозначением J 10 состоялся 4 мая.
Конструкция и внешний вид самолета были настолько необычны, что для него не нашлось даже соответствующего военного обозначения. Поэтому J 10 получил наиболее близкий по классу индекс "CL", т. е. легкий двухместный вооруженный ... биплан. Его намеревались использовать в качестве штурмовика и легкого бомбардировщика.
Военные заказали 50 экземпляров, из которых до конца войны удалось сделать 47 (по другим данным - лишь 37). Некоторые из них применялись осенью 1918-го в двух штурмовых эскадрильях на западном фронте. Никаких данных об их боевой деятельности не сохранилось.
Больше известно об использовании этих машин германским добровольческим корпусом генерала фон дер Гольца в Прибалтике в 1919 году. Это соединение воевало на стороне белогвардейцев против Красной армии, Его поддерживал авиаотряд, состоящий главным образом из "Юнкерсов" D-I и CL-I, не успевших попасть на фронты Первой мировой.
Летчики и механики оценивали их как исключительно надежные, выносливые и неприхотливые машины со вполне приличными летными данными. По свидетельствам пилотов, ни один другой самолет не выдержал бы и трех недель в тех условиях, в которых нечувствительные к сырости, дождю и снегу "Юнкерсы", базируясь под открытым небом, безотказно служили более полугода.
В послевоенное время некоторые CL-I также использовались для почтовых перевозок.
Также был создан вариант J 11 на поплавковом шасси. После войны на основе CLI производился почтово-пассажирский самолет J 10. Задняя пассажирская кабина самолета этого варианта закрывалась застекленным колпаком.
ДВИГАТЕЛЬ
"Мерседес"D.IIIA, 180 л.с.
ВООРУЖЕНИЕ
2 синхронных "Шпандау", 1 турельный "Парабеллум", до 30 кг мелких бомб.
ЛЕТНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
Размах, м 12,0
Длина, м 7,9
Площадь крыла, кв.м 23,4
Сухой вес, кг 710
Взлетный вес, кг 1274
Скорость максимальная, км/ч 161
Время набора высоты, м/мин 1000/3,9
А.Александров, Г.Петров Крылатые пленники России
В русской авиации аэропланов взаимодействия с пехотой не было, и германские аппараты класса ЦЛ могли вызвать некоторое удивление. Однако самолет "Юнкерс ЦЛ. I" сам по себе поверг бы наших авиаторов в изумление - он строился из металла! Профессор Хьюго Юнкерс основал свою компанию в 1895 г. (Junkers CL. I; Hugo Junkers; Junkers und Compagnie), намереваясь производить котлы и прочее тепловое оборудование. Затем он увлекся авиацией и в 1910 г. запатентовал идею самолета, главной составляющей которого являлось металлическое крыло толстого профиля. Разрабатывая конструкцию подобных несущих поверхностей с обшивкой из гофрированного дюраля, ученый и его сотрудники собрали ряд прототипов цельнометаллических аэропланов, некоторые из которых выпускались небольшими сериями. Модель с фирменным обозначением "Йот 10" (J 10), бывшая развитием предыдущей - истребителя "Юнкерс Д. I", и стала аппаратом "Юнкерс ЦЛ. I", пришедшим на смену "Хальберштадтам" того же класса. Во второй половине 1918 г. компания построила 47 двухместных монопланов, оснастив их 180-сильными "Мерседесами" и вооружив двумя синхронизированными пулеметами "Шпандау" и подвижным "Парабеллумом". После войны эти машины оказались раскиданы по Европе. По сведениям М. Бухмана, одна из предсерийных машин, с номером 1803/18, летала в составе германского 417-го штурмового авиаотряда из боевой группы оберлейтенанта флота Готтарда Саксенберга (KG Gotthard Sachsenberg), действовавшей в Прибалтике против советских войск. Где-то в Латвии "Юнкерс" попал в плен и на 30 мая 1919 г. (н. ст.) числился в 1-м отряде красной латышской авиации, требуя, однако, заводского ремонта. Аппарат, судя по фотографии (82), перевезли в Москву, где он поступил в ЦАГИ для исследования металла и деталей, из которых он состоял. Предположительно, кроме этого самолета в столицу Советской России были доставлены еще 2 железных "Юнкерса" типа Д. I.
A.Kay Junkers Aircraft and Engines 1913-1945 (Putnam)
Junkers J8 and J10 (CL and CL1)
The J8 (official designation CL) was an all-metal, corrugated Duralumin-skinned, two-seat close-support aircraft. Similar to the J7, it featured a longer fuselage to allow for the observer’s cockpit and it also had a greater wingspan. Ailerons which extended beyond the wing tips were used, and a Mercedes D IIIa 160hp, six-cylinder, upright, in-line, water-cooled engine was fitted.
An Idflieg contract for three aircraft was received on 26 December 1916, although the first prototype was not completed until 4 December 1917 on account of the priority accorded to production of the J4 (JI) at Junkers-Fokker. The maiden flight of the prototype was made on 10 December 1917 with Schmidt as pilot, and by May 1918 all three prototypes were undergoing tests. The J8 was demonstrated in a contest in February 1918 and this resulted in an Idflieg contract to build a modified version, the J10 (official designation CL1).
The J10 was distinguishable from the J8 in having ailerons flush with the wing tips and by being armed with two fixed, forward-firing machine guns and, for the rear observer, one trainable machine gun. Power was increased by using a Mercedes D IIIa 180hp engine. The aircraft was first flown on 4 May 1918 but only six were delivered before the war ended, although another twenty were ordered by Idflieg in October 1918.
Altogether, some 44 J 10s were built, most of them after the First World War. Some were used by Geschwader Sachsenberg in postwar fighting against the Bolshevik forces in the Baltic while others were demilitarised and put to civilian use, the observer’s seat being filled by a passenger.
Data: Span 12.2m (40ft); length 7.9m (25ft 11in); height 3.1m (10ft 2in); wing area 27.0m2 (291 sq ft); empty weight 735kg (1,621lb); loaded weight 1,155kg (2,547lb); max. speed 190kph (118mph): cruising speed 155kph (96mph); time to 1,000m (3,280ft) 3.9min; endurance 2hr.
O.Thetford, P.Gray German Aircraft of the First World War (Putnam)
Junkers J 8
This two-seat prototype was developed into the J 10 which went into production as the CL I. There was little visual difference in the two types, and principal J 10 data applies.
Junkers J 10 (CL I)
Virtually a two-seat version of the D I, the CL I was put into production during the later half of 1918 with the intention of replacing the Halberstadt CL types, which were the mainstay of the Schlachtstaffeln. Again an all-metal machine, continuing the usual style of Junkers construction with corrugated dural covering, some forty-seven aircraft had been built by the end of the war. Engine, 180 h.p. Mercedes D IIIa. Span. 12.04 m. (39 ft. 6 in.). Length, 7.9 m. (25 ft. 11 1/8 in.). Height, 2.65 m. (7 ft. 8 1/2 in.). Area, 23.4 sq.m. (253 sq.ft.). Weights: Empty, 710 kg. (1,562 lb.). Loaded, 1,050 kg. (2,310 lb.). Speed, 161 km.hr. (100.625 m.p.h.). Climb, 1,000 m. (3.280 ft.) in 3.9 min. (type test February 1918 figures). Armament, twin fixed Spandau and one Parabellum machine-guns.
W.Green, G.Swanborough The Complete Book of Fighters
JUNKERS J 8 Germany
On 26 December 1916, Junkers received an Idflieg contract to build three prototypes of the J 8 all-metal two-seat monoplane in the CL-type category - a ‘‘defensive patrol and pursuit aircraft”. Thanks to the priority accorded production of the J I ground attack biplane, however, the J 8 was not completed until 4 December 1917, being flown for the first time a few days later. Of dural construction and powered by a 160 hp Mercedes D III engine, the J 8 was demonstrated during the first D-type contest in February 1918, and in the following month the Junkers-Fokker Werke AG (established on 20 October 1917) received a contract for a pre-series of a modified version, the J 10.
Max speed, 100 mph (161 km/h).
Endurance, 1.5 hrs.
Empty weight, 1,565 lb (710 kg).
Loaded weight, 2,315 lb (1 050 kg).
Span, 39 ft 6 in (12,04 m).
Length, 25 ft 11 in (7,90 m).
Height, 8 ft 8 3/4 in (2,66 m).
Wing area, 251.88 sq ft (23,40 m2).
JUNKERS CL I (J 10) Germany
The CL I (J10) was an improved derivative of the J 8 intended for offensive patrol and close air support roles. Powered by a Mercedes D III engine of 160 hp and armed with two fixed LMG 08/15 machine guns and a Parabellum in the rear cockpit, the CL I was the subject of an order placed with the Junkers-Fokker Werke AG in March 1918 for 10 pre-series aircraft. Subsequent contracts raised the total ordered to 63 machines, of which 44 were delivered through March 1919. Together with the D I, the CL I was used by the Geschwader Sachsenberg during the post-World War I fighting against Bolshevik forces in the Baltic.
Max speed, 118 mph (190 km/h).
Time to 3,280 ft (1000 m), 3.9 min.
Endurance, 2.0 hrs.
Empty weight, 1,620 lb (735 kg).
Loaded weight, 2,546 lb (1155 kg).
Span, 40 ft 0 1/4 in (12,20 m).
Length, 25 ft 11 in (7,90 m).
Height, 10 ft 2 in (3,10 m).
J.Herris Development of German Warplanes in WWI (A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes 1)
The all-metal Junkers CL.I was the two-seat fighter derivative of the D.I single-seater. Looking more modern than its contemporaries, the Junkers CL.I was placed in production before the end of the war, but none reached combat units before the armistice. It was used postwar by German units in the regional fighting in the Baltic states, where it proved to be a robust, durable, reliable aircraft of good performance. It was powered by a 185 hp BMW.IIIa engine, giving a maximum speed of 190 km/h (118 mph).
M.Dusing German Aviation Industry in WWI. Volume 1 (A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes 84)
Junkers-Fokker-Werke, AG, Dessau (Junk and Jfa)
Aircraft Development:
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In parallel development, the single-decker was converted into a D.I and CL.I aircraft, equipped with 185 hp BMW IIIa and 160 hp Mercedes D.IIIa engines, respectively. In September 1917, shortly before the merger with Fokker-Werke, the company produced a single-seat monoplane, followed by a two-seater in December. Comparison flights carried out at Adlershof in the spring of 1918 showed satisfactory results, but the aircraft was never put into larger-scale production. Development work on an R-airplane and a naval D-airplane was equally unsuccessful.
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В.Кондратьев - Самолеты первой мировой войны
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"Юнкерс" CL-I, авиаэскадра немецкого добровольческого корпуса, зима 1918-19гг.
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J.Herris - Development of German Warplanes in WWI /Centennial Perspective/ (1)
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Junkers CL.I aircraft normally left the factory with green and mauve upper surfaces and light blue undersurfaces, with white rudder. The white fuselage band was a unit marking.
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В.Обухович, А.Никифоров - Самолеты Первой Мировой войны
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Юнкерс CL I
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Jane's All The World Aircraft 1919 /Jane's/
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The All-Metal Wireless Junkers CL.I ground attack and escort monoplane of 1918. (Junkers J 8)
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W.Green, G.Swanborough - The Complete Book of Fighters
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Image showing the prototype Junkers J.8 two seat close-support fighter. Work on the sole J.8 started in October 1917, aimed at providing a successor to the armoured Junkers J I. As it transpired, the J.8, with its 160hp Mercedes D III, had a top level speed of 116mph and impressed those that flew it at the first of the 1918 fighter trials. Not only did the J.8 lead directly to the CL I production contract, but its development contributed greatly to solving many of the single seat J.7's ongoing problems. Too late to have any effect in the air war, the 41 Junkers CL Is completed stood up well, alongside their single seat Junkers D I when operated in the 1919 Baltic War. Powered by a 185hp Benz Bz IIIa, the CL I had a top level speed of 118mph and a ceiling of 17,000 feet. Armament on later machines comprised two 7.92 Spandaus for the pilot, along with the flexibly-mounted 7.92mm Parabellum in the rear.
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A.Kay - Junkers Aircraft and Engines 1913-1945 /Putnam/
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A Junkers J8 (CL) close-support aircraft with balanced ailerons. This photograph is dated 2 January 1918. (Cross & Cockade)
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K.Delve - World War One in the Air /Crowood/
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Прототип "Юнкерс" J 10 An aircraft of advanced appearance, the Junkers J8 prototype of January 1918 incorporated many new features - not least the all-metal construction. In due course it gave rise to the J10, which subsequently entered production as the CLI.
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J.Herris - Development of German Warplanes in WWI /Centennial Perspective/ (1)
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J.Herris - Weird Wings of WWI /Centennial Perspective/ (70)
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The Junkers CL.I was the two-seat fighter development of the single-seat D.I. Larger than the D.I, it was powered by a 170 hp Mercedes D.IIIa engine and was armed with two fixed, synchronized guns for the pilot and a flexible gun for the observer. Developed from the very similar J 8 prototype, the production aircraft, first ordered in March 1918, was known as the J 10 to the factory. The CL.I went into production in the second half of 1918 to supplement the existing Halberstadt and Hannover CL-types, and 44 had been delivered through March 1919. The CL.I, along with the Junkers D.I, was used by the Geschwader Sachsenberg during the postwar fighting against the Bolsheviks in the Baltic. Both the D.I and the CL.I were very robust aircraft that served successfully in severe climatic conditions. The CLS.I was a floatplane derivative of the CL.I.
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A.Kay - Junkers Aircraft and Engines 1913-1945 /Putnam/
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The Junkers J10 (CL1) was a modified version of the J8 close-support aircraft. It was armed with machine guns and had ailerons flush with the wing tips. This one is c/n 1802/18.
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H.Cowin - Aviation Pioneers /Osprey/
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Один из серийных "Юнкерсов" CL-I перед отправкой на фронт. Junkers J 10 (CL I) (prototype)
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W.Green, G.Swanborough - The Complete Book of Fighters
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The CL I served post-World War I in the Baltic with the Geschwader Sachsenberg.
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А.Александров, Г.Петров - Крылатые пленники России
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(КПР 82)
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A.Kay - Junkers Aircraft and Engines 1913-1945 /Putnam/
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This picture, dated 24 March 1919, shows a 'civilianised' version of the J10 with a covering for the rear (passenger) seat.
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M.Dusing - German Aviation Industry in WWI. Volume 1 /Centennial Perspective/ (84)
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Demilitarized Junkers J.10 with cabin configuration for civil air transport, here flying between Dessau and Weimar, where the National Assembly of the Weimar Republic met in 1919.
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A.Kay - Junkers Aircraft and Engines 1913-1945 /Putnam/
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J10
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W.Green, G.Swanborough - The Complete Book of Fighters
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The CL I was the ultimate wartime development of the line of Junkers monoplanes.
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В.Кондратьев - Самолеты первой мировой войны
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"Юнкерс" CL-I
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