А.Александров, Г.Петров Крылатые пленники России

В русской авиации аэропланов взаимодействия с пехотой не было, и германские аппараты класса ЦЛ могли вызвать некоторое удивление. Однако самолет "Юнкерс ЦЛ. I" сам по себе поверг бы наших авиаторов в изумление - он строился из металла! Профессор Хьюго Юнкерс основал свою компанию в 1895 г. (Junkers CL. I; Hugo Junkers; Junkers und Compagnie), намереваясь производить котлы и прочее тепловое оборудование. Затем он увлекся авиацией и в 1910 г. запатентовал идею самолета, главной составляющей которого являлось металлическое крыло толстого профиля. Разрабатывая конструкцию подобных несущих поверхностей с обшивкой из гофрированного дюраля, ученый и его сотрудники собрали ряд прототипов цельнометаллических аэропланов, некоторые из которых выпускались небольшими сериями. Модель с фирменным обозначением "Йот 10" (J 10), бывшая развитием предыдущей - истребителя "Юнкерс Д. I", и стала аппаратом "Юнкерс ЦЛ. I", пришедшим на смену "Хальберштадтам" того же класса. Во второй половине 1918 г. компания построила 47 двухместных монопланов, оснастив их 180-сильными "Мерседесами" и вооружив двумя синхронизированными пулеметами "Шпандау" и подвижным "Парабеллумом". После войны эти машины оказались раскиданы по Европе. По сведениям М. Бухмана, одна из предсерийных машин, с номером 1803/18, летала в составе германского 417-го штурмового авиаотряда из боевой группы оберлейтенанта флота Готтарда Саксенберга (KG Gotthard Sachsenberg), действовавшей в Прибалтике против советских войск. Где-то в Латвии "Юнкерс" попал в плен и на 30 мая 1919 г. (н. ст.) числился в 1-м отряде красной латышской авиации, требуя, однако, заводского ремонта. Аппарат, судя по фотографии (82), перевезли в Москву, где он поступил в ЦАГИ для исследования металла и деталей, из которых он состоял. Предположительно, кроме этого самолета в столицу Советской России были доставлены еще 2 железных "Юнкерса" типа Д. I.

A.Kay Junkers Aircraft and Engines 1913-1945 (Putnam)

Junkers J8 and J10 (CL and CL1)

  The J8 (official designation CL) was an all-metal, corrugated Duralumin-skinned, two-seat close-support aircraft. Similar to the J7, it featured a longer fuselage to allow for the observer’s cockpit and it also had a greater wingspan. Ailerons which extended beyond the wing tips were used, and a Mercedes D IIIa 160hp, six-cylinder, upright, in-line, water-cooled engine was fitted.
  An Idflieg contract for three aircraft was received on 26 December 1916, although the first prototype was not completed until 4 December 1917 on account of the priority accorded to production of the J4 (JI) at Junkers-Fokker. The maiden flight of the prototype was made on 10 December 1917 with Schmidt as pilot, and by May 1918 all three prototypes were undergoing tests. The J8 was demonstrated in a contest in February 1918 and this resulted in an Idflieg contract to build a modified version, the J10 (official designation CL1).
  The J10 was distinguishable from the J8 in having ailerons flush with the wing tips and by being armed with two fixed, forward-firing machine guns and, for the rear observer, one trainable machine gun. Power was increased by using a Mercedes D IIIa 180hp engine. The aircraft was first flown on 4 May 1918 but only six were delivered before the war ended, although another twenty were ordered by Idflieg in October 1918.
  Altogether, some 44 J 10s were built, most of them after the First World War. Some were used by Geschwader Sachsenberg in postwar fighting against the Bolshevik forces in the Baltic while others were demilitarised and put to civilian use, the observer’s seat being filled by a passenger.


Data: Span 12.2m (40ft); length 7.9m (25ft 11in); height 3.1m (10ft 2in); wing area 27.0m2 (291 sq ft); empty weight 735kg (1,621lb); loaded weight 1,155kg (2,547lb); max. speed 190kph (118mph): cruising speed 155kph (96mph); time to 1,000m (3,280ft) 3.9min; endurance 2hr.

O.Thetford, P.Gray German Aircraft of the First World War (Putnam)

Junkers J 8
   This two-seat prototype was developed into the J 10 which went into production as the CL I. There was little visual difference in the two types, and principal J 10 data applies.


Junkers J 10 (CL I)
   Virtually a two-seat version of the D I, the CL I was put into production during the later half of 1918 with the intention of replacing the Halberstadt CL types, which were the mainstay of the Schlachtstaffeln. Again an all-metal machine, continuing the usual style of Junkers construction with corrugated dural covering, some forty-seven aircraft had been built by the end of the war. Engine, 180 h.p. Mercedes D IIIa. Span. 12.04 m. (39 ft. 6 in.). Length, 7.9 m. (25 ft. 11 1/8 in.). Height, 2.65 m. (7 ft. 8 1/2 in.). Area, 23.4 sq.m. (253 sq.ft.). Weights: Empty, 710 kg. (1,562 lb.). Loaded, 1,050 kg. (2,310 lb.). Speed, 161 km.hr. (100.625 m.p.h.). Climb, 1,000 m. (3.280 ft.) in 3.9 min. (type test February 1918 figures). Armament, twin fixed Spandau and one Parabellum machine-guns.

J.Stroud European Transport Aircraft since 1910 (Putnam)

Junkers-J 10

  The J 10, given the German Air Force designation CLI, made its first flight on 4 May, 1918, and was put into production by Junkers-Fokker AG in the latter half of the year. It was a two-seat attack monoplane, and more than 40 were built.
  The J 10 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a thick untapered wing and fairly deep fuselage. It had a one-piece elevator and a small balanced rudder but no fin. In some examples the ailerons projected aft of the trailing edge and also beyond the wing tips.
  The wing was built up with a number of duralumin tubular spars which were braced to form a girder, and the fuselage was constructed from duralumin formers. The entire wing, fuselage and all control surfaces were covered by a corrugated metal skin which took some of the stresses.
  The 160 hp Mercedes D.III six-cylinder upright inline water-cooled engine had a frontal radiator and drove a two-blade wooden airscrew.
  It is almost certain that a J 10 was the first all-metal aeroplane to operate an air service. Junkers began operating a regular service between Dessau and Weimar in March 1919, and used a J 10 converted for commercial use by fitting a canopy over the rear cockpit. This canopy was hinged along its starboard side and, when closed, fitted between raised fairings which served to blend the lines of the structure. This J 10 retained its military markings but had painted on the fuselage the words Junkers Dessau - Weimar and was photographed in this form on 12 March, 1919. A Junkers publication of 1928 suggests that it was used to carry one passenger, and, on some occasions, cargo.
  At least one J 10 appeared on the German civil register. It was D-78 used by Lloyd-Luftverkehr Sablatnig. It is not known whether this had an enclosed passenger cockpit, or indeed whether it had been the aircraft used by Junkers on the Dessau-Weimar service.


Span 12-25 m (40 ft 2 1/4 in); length 7-9 m (25 ft 11 in); wing area 23-4 sq m (251-8 sq ft). Empty weight 735 kg (1,620 Ib); loaded weight 1,155 kg (2,546 Ib). Maximum speed 190 km/h (118 mph); cruising speed about 155 km/h (96-3 mph); endurance 2 hr.

W.Green, G.Swanborough The Complete Book of Fighters

JUNKERS J 8 Germany

   On 26 December 1916, Junkers received an Idflieg contract to build three prototypes of the J 8 all-metal two-seat monoplane in the CL-type category - a ‘‘defensive patrol and pursuit aircraft”. Thanks to the priority accorded production of the J I ground attack biplane, however, the J 8 was not completed until 4 December 1917, being flown for the first time a few days later. Of dural construction and powered by a 160 hp Mercedes D III engine, the J 8 was demonstrated during the first D-type contest in February 1918, and in the following month the Junkers-Fokker Werke AG (established on 20 October 1917) received a contract for a pre-series of a modified version, the J 10.

Max speed, 100 mph (161 km/h).
Endurance, 1.5 hrs.
Empty weight, 1,565 lb (710 kg).
Loaded weight, 2,315 lb (1 050 kg).
Span, 39 ft 6 in (12,04 m).
Length, 25 ft 11 in (7,90 m).
Height, 8 ft 8 3/4 in (2,66 m).
Wing area, 251.88 sq ft (23,40 m2).


JUNKERS CL I (J 10) Germany

   The CL I (J10) was an improved derivative of the J 8 intended for offensive patrol and close air support roles. Powered by a Mercedes D III engine of 160 hp and armed with two fixed LMG 08/15 machine guns and a Parabellum in the rear cockpit, the CL I was the subject of an order placed with the Junkers-Fokker Werke AG in March 1918 for 10 pre-series aircraft. Subsequent contracts raised the total ordered to 63 machines, of which 44 were delivered through March 1919. Together with the D I, the CL I was used by the Geschwader Sachsenberg during the post-World War I fighting against Bolshevik forces in the Baltic.

Max speed, 118 mph (190 km/h).
Time to 3,280 ft (1000 m), 3.9 min.
Endurance, 2.0 hrs.
Empty weight, 1,620 lb (735 kg).
Loaded weight, 2,546 lb (1155 kg).
Span, 40 ft 0 1/4 in (12,20 m).
Length, 25 ft 11 in (7,90 m).
Height, 10 ft 2 in (3,10 m).

J.Herris Development of German Warplanes in WWI (A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes 1)

The all-metal Junkers CL.I was the two-seat fighter derivative of the D.I single-seater. Looking more modern than its contemporaries, the Junkers CL.I was placed in production before the end of the war, but none reached combat units before the armistice. It was used postwar by German units in the regional fighting in the Baltic states, where it proved to be a robust, durable, reliable aircraft of good performance. It was powered by a 185 hp BMW.IIIa engine, giving a maximum speed of 190 km/h (118 mph).

M.Dusing German Aviation Industry in WWI. Volume 1 (A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes 84)

Junkers-Fokker-Werke, AG, Dessau (Junk and Jfa)

Aircraft Development:

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  In parallel development, the single-decker was converted into a D.I and CL.I aircraft, equipped with 185 hp BMW IIIa and 160 hp Mercedes D.IIIa engines, respectively. In September 1917, shortly before the merger with Fokker-Werke, the company produced a single-seat monoplane, followed by a two-seater in December. Comparison flights carried out at Adlershof in the spring of 1918 showed satisfactory results, but the aircraft was never put into larger-scale production. Development work on an R-airplane and a naval D-airplane was equally unsuccessful.