В.Кондратьев Самолеты первой мировой войны

МОРИС ФАРМАН MF.11 / MAURICE FARMAN MF.11

   Многостоечный двухместный биплан смешанной конструкции с толкающим винтом. Разработан братом Анри Фармана Морисом в 1914 году. Некоторое время авиаконструкторы братья Фарман, совладельцы одной фирмы, придерживались разных взглядов на то, каким должен быть военный аэроплан. Это отразилось в различии создаваемых ими аппаратов. В частности, Морис предпочитал не ротативные, а стационарные двигатели, иной способ размещения гондолы ("подвешивая" ее на стойках между крыльями), двойные рули поворота и т.д. Благодаря более высокой мощности моторов самолеты Мориса Фармана превосходили по летным характеристикам машины его брата. M.F.11 выпускался серийно на фирме Фарман, а также в Италии, где на него ставили мотор "Фиат" A10. Аэроплан начал поступать на западный фронт в мае 1915-го, постепенно заменяя "Фарманы" F.20, F.21 и F.22. На западе MF.11 получил более широкое распространение в боевых частях, чем аппараты Анри Фармана, однако, В России он почти не встречался. На "Морис Фарманах" воевали в 1915-1916 годах 37 французских и 24 итальянских эскадрильи. При этом некоторые машины оснащались импровизированным бронированием передней части гондолы. Отдельные экземпляры использовали англичане в Македонии и в Дарданелльской операции. В начале 1916-го, по мере поступления в передовые части более совершенных аппаратов, французские MF.11 начали переводить в учебные подразделения. На Итальянском фронте они применялись гораздо дольше.
  
  
ДВИГАТЕЛЬ
  
   "Рено", двухрядный, V-образный, воздушного охлаждения, мощностью 80, 100 или 130 л.с., или аналогичный "Де Дион" в 100 или 130 л.с.
  
  
ВООРУЖЕНИЕ
  
   На некоторых машинах ставили шкворневый пулемет.

А.Шепс Самолеты Первой мировой войны. Страны Антанты

Фарман MF.11 1912 г.

   Развитие машин серий MF.7 и MF.9. Носовая рулевая поверхность снята. Гондола поднята на стойках под нижним крылом и имела более компактную конструкцию. Фермы стандартной "фармановской" конструкции, параллельные, сходящиеся на стабилизаторе. Рули поворота имели два небольших киля. Шасси стандартные для всех машин типа "Фарман". Двигатель 7-цилиндровый, воздушного охлаждения, ротативный "Гном" (60 или 70 л. с.), позднее - рядный "Рено" (80 л. с.). Большого распространения машина не получила, как и MF.9, хотя MF.11 с двигателем "Рено" использовался как учебный.


ЛЕТНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
   MF.11, 1913г. MF.11, 1914г.
   Размах, м 16,10 15,9
   Длина, м 9,74 9,3
   Площадь крыла,кв.м. 52,10 60,6
   Сухой вес, кг 550 650
   Взлетный вес, кг 800 960
   Двигатель "Рено" "Рено"
   мощность, л.с. 80 130
   Скорость максимальная, км/ч 90 116
   Время набора высоты, м/мин 2000/21
   Потолок, м 4100
   Экипаж, чел. 2 2
   Вооружение нет

В.Шавров История конструкций самолетов в СССР до 1938 г.

"Морис Фарман" учебный (М. Ф.-11) применялся в небольшом количестве как учебный в 1915-1917 гг. По схеме и конструкции близок к "М. Фарман-40", но шасси были с полозами. Двигатель - "Рено" в 70 л. с., потом в 80 и 90 л. с., все двухрядные 8-цилиндровые, воздушного охлаждения.

   "Морис Фарман" поплавковый (гидроаэроплан Фармана) был двух типов: 1912 г. - с передним рулем высоты и 1914 г. - поплавковый вариант учебного самолета "Морис Фарман" с двигателем "Рено" в 70 л. с., потом 80 л. с. в обоих типах. Первый тип был в двух экземплярах на Балтике. Второй был куплен в 1914 г. в 20 экземплярах, которые и применялись в морской авиации на Балтике до 1917 г. Один самолет был взят в гидрографическую экспедицию Вилькицкого. На нем же 7-12 августа 1914 г. поручик Ян Иосифович Нагурский летал над Новой Землей в поисках экспедиции Г. Я. Седова. Это были первые полеты в Арктике.


Самолет|| учебный/ поплавковый
Год выпуска||1914/1913
Двигатель, марка||/
   Мощность||80/70
Длина самолета, м||9,74/8,3
Размах крыла, м||16,1/13,2
Площадь крыла, м2||52,10/50
Масса пустого, кг||550/580
Масса топлива+ масла, кг||110/80
Масса полной нагрузки, кг||250/240
Полетная масса, кг||800/820
Удельная нагрузка на крыло, кг/м2||15,3/16,4
Удельная нагрузка на мощность, кг/лс||10,0/11,7
Весовая отдача, %||31/29
Скорость максимальная у земли, км/ч||90/90
Скорость посадочная, км/ч||55/60
Продолжительность полета, ч.||?/4

L.Opdyke French Aeroplanes Before the Great War (Schiffer)

M.Goodall, A.Tagg British Aircraft before the Great War (Schiffer)

O.Thetford British Naval Aircraft since 1912 (Putnam)

Maurice Farman Shorthorn

   Both the Maurice Farman Shorthorn and the Longhorn were being supplied to the RNAS by the Aircraft Manufacturing Company at Hendon before the First World War. Among the first 200 official serial numbers allotted by the Admiralty for naval aircraft, the S.7 Longhorn made its first appearance as No.23, and the S.11 Shorthorn as No.29. The latter was a twin-float seaplane (as shown in the three-view drawing), and was stationed at Great Yarmouth from July 1913. Another of the early Shorthorn seaplanes appeared on strength at Cromarty in July 1913.
   The Longhorn and the Shorthorn (the latter distinguished by the absence of a forward elevator) had been introduced to the British flying services as trainers at the Central Flying School as early as 1912, and they continued to serve in this role with both the RFC and the RNAS.
   Whereas the Longhorn was used only as a trainer, the Shorthorn also saw operational service for reconnaissance and bombing. Of the RNAS's first-line strength of 40 landplanes and 31 seaplanes on 4 August 1914, four were Maurice Farman landplanes fitted with 70 hp or 100 hp Renault engines.
   The Maurice Farmans, with 100 hp Renaults, accompanied Samson's No.3 Squadron, RNAS, to the Dardanelles and were flown over the Turkish lines.
   The last Shorthorns delivered to the RNAS were 20 built as trainers by the Eastbourne Aviation Company. The RNAS used 90 Shorthorns in all.

UNITS ALLOCATED
   With Wg Cdr Samson's unit in Belgium, later No.3 Squadron RNAS, at Dardanelles. RNAS stations at Calshot, Cromarty, Grain and Great Yarmouth.

TECHNICAL DATA (S.11 SHORTHORN)
   Description: Two-seat reconnaissance and bombing aircraft, also used for training. Wooden structure, fabric covered.
   Manufacturers: Henry and Maurice Farman, Billancourt (Seine), France. Sub-contracted by Aircraft Manufacturing Co Ltd, Hendon, Eastbourne Aviation and others.
   Power Plant: One 70 hp or 100 hp Renault.
   Dimensions: Span, 53 ft. Length, 30 ft 8 in. Height, 10 ft 4 in. Wing area, 561 sq ft.
   Weights: Empty, 1,441 lb. Loaded, 2,046 lb.
   Performance: Maximum speed, 66 mph at sea level. Climb, 15 min to 3,000 ft. Endurance, 3 3/4 hr.
   Armament: No defensive armament normally carried. Light bomb-load below wings.

R.Mikesh, A.Shorzoe Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941 (Putnam)

Army Henri Farman Type Model 4 Aeroplane (Army Type Mo-4 Aeroplane)

   The introduction of this aeroplane into Japanese military service, was the zenith of the Farman pusher biplanes in Japan. Earlier Farman types were already established, but one Henri Farman 1914 aeroplane which the Association imported from France in November 1914 would develop as a noteworthy type. The PMBRA decided to develop the aircraft further by making a new aeroplane using many of the changes perfected on the earlier converted Type Mo and Kaishiki No.7. Although Lt Shigeru Sawada was killed in the earlier Kaishiki No.7 Small Aeroplane, many development projects were being undertaken simultaneously, and Lt Sawada was in charge of this new design which used many of his earlier innovations. Noticeable differences with his redesign included the raising of the fuselage nacelle above the lower wing and providing a small triangular rudder and shorter undercarriage skids. It was completed in November 1915 three months after beginning the design. It was later discovered that similar conversions were being made in France without the knowledge of either user.
   The Association called the new design the Sawada Type B 7, but it was officially designated Kaishiki 4th Year Model. These Association-built aircraft had a Japanese-made 70hp Renault engine installed which gave more power than the French-built aeroplane.
   Participating in the military review held by the Emperor on 2 December, 1915, Lt Morikichi Sakamoto of the Association flew one of these new aeroplanes over the Komazawa Parade Grounds in winds gusting up to 45mph. Stability and performance were easily apparent when comparing the difficulties being experienced by the older Type Mo 1913s, and as a result the Type Mo 4th Year Model was regarded as revolutionary. Meeting with strong approval, the type was put into production at the Association's factory at Tokorozawa, as well as the Tokyo Army Artillery Arsenal and the Atsuta Army Weapon Manufacturing Works of Nagoya Army Ordnance Arsenal.
   The aeroplane had a number of designation changes, beginning as the Type Mo 1914, followed by the Type Mo 4th Year Model, and after 1918 becoming the Type Mo4. They were used first as trainers at Tokorozawa for navigation, scouting and bombing, later to replace the Type Mo 1913s of the balloon company (squadron equivalent) and flight company that had been formed at Tokorozawa in December 1915 as part of an air battalion. When the Japanese Army deployed its 12th Division to Siberia in 1918, several air units were organized, one of which was sent to northern Manchuria, then to Siberia for patrol duties using eight Type Mo-4s, six Mo-6s and nine Sopwith 1A2 reconnaissance aircraft imported from England.
   In time, a number of the Type Mo-4 aircraft passed into civil hands and were used as trainers with the Imperial Flying Association and Kishi Aeroplane Manufacturing Works (later Akabane Aeroplane Manufacturing Works). The former modified a Type Mo-4 with an additional fuel tank in the second crew position making it a single-seat aircraft. Called the No.2 Mie-go, it made a nonstop record flight between Tokyo and Osaka. Piloted by Masao Goto, it left
Tokorozawa and landed at the Osaka Joto Parade Grounds, in 6hr 28min, on 1 April, 1918, a remarkable record for duration and distance in Japan for that period. The Type Mo-4s remained popular from when they were first manufactured in the autumn of 1915, and were put into production again in 1919 and 1920.

   Single-engine pusher sesquiplane reconnaissance aircraft with crew nacelle. Wooden strucrure with fabric covering. Tail elevator only. Skid-type undercarriage with dual wheels. Crew of two in open cockpit.
   70-80hp Renault eight-cylinder vee air-cooled engine, driving a Chauviere two-bladed wooden propeller.
   One machine-gun when necessary.
   Span 15.50m (50ft 10 1/4in); length 9.14m (29ft 11 3/4in); height 3.18m (10ft 51 1/4in); wing area 58sq m(624.327sq ft).
   Empty weight 563kg (1,241lb); loaded weight 778kg (1,715lb); wing loading 13.4kg/sq m (2.7Ib/sq ft); power loading 9.73kg/hp (21.4lb/hp).
   Maximum speed 49kt (56mph); climb to 2,000m (6,562ft) in 25min; service ceiling 3,000m (9,843ft); endurance 4hr.
   Eighty-four built: nine PMBRA, Fifty-one Army Arsenals (Tokyo and Nagoya), twenty Tokorozawa Branch, Supply Dept, three Imperial Flying Association (civil use), one Kishi Aeroplane (civil use).


Army Maurice Farman Type Model 6 Aeroplane (Army Type Mo-6 Aeroplane)

   Another stage of development came from advanced aero engines of 100hp or more, products of the First World War. To take advantage of these, Japan imported several liquid-cooled engines including the 90hp Curtiss OX-5 and the 100hp Daimler, each of which was tested by installing them in a Type Mo-4 Aeroplane. Impressed by the Daimler engine, the Army Artillery Arsenal began its manufacture in 1916, completing the first in the spring of 1917.
   This Daimler-type engine was installed in an aeroplane that was newly designed for it. Since the aeroplane powered by this engine had had its start in May 1916, the PMBRA designated it the Type Mo6-Year Model, but later the Army's official designation became the Type Mo 6th Year Model for the year of Taisho. In 1918 it was redesignated as the Type Mo Model 6, or the Type Mo-6 in short.
   Outwardly, the Type Mo-6 was almost identical to the Type Mo-4, but was slightly larger and heavier and had coolant radiators on each side of the engine. Production models had shorter front skids and the front supporting diagonal strut to the skid was eliminated. On the production model there was an increase in fuel-tank capacity which made the loaded weight higher than that of the Mo-4, but the Mo-6 had a marked increase in speed from 49kt to 60kt. Production began in the autumn of 1917 at which time Mo-4 production was terminated. The Mo-6 became the Army's first Japanese-designed reconnaissance/trainer to be produced in quantity.
   The new Army aeroplane made a good start when the first of the series, No.101, set a two-seat altitude record of 2,800m (9,186ft) on 25 May, 1917, while being flown by Lt Morikichi Sakamoto and Army Engineer Shuhei Iwamoto.
   All did not continue well, however, for this new aeroplane. During the November 1917 Army Special Manoeuvres on the Ohmi Plain near Lake Biwa, of the fourteen newly built Type Mo-6 aircraft participating, twelve crashed or made emergency landings because of engine malfunctions among other things. As a result, the Army Department of Aviation organized an investigating committee of twenty-five officers and specialist engineers with twenty-four pilot officers. Many problems became evident, among them the need to improve engine research and development, use of better materials, improve training for engineers, and better communications between PMBRA and the operational flying units. Many of the problems were corrected, thus extending the aircraft's operational life long past their practicality as combat aircraft.
   However during their service life, these Type Mo-6 Aeroplanes became the Army's last biplane pusher aircraft. When the 2nd Army Air Battalion was being organized, in December 1917, Type Mo-6s from Tokorozawa became its initial equipment. This unit was formed at the Army's newly activated airfield at Kagamigahara in Gifu Prefecture, better known after the Pacific War as Gifu Air Base, north of Nagoya. Air battalions at Tokorozawa and Kagamigahara used their Type Mo-6s for reconnaissance and training until around 1923. When the Army sent units to Siberia and northern Manchuria in August 1918, four of the twelve aeroplanes of the 2nd Army Air Battalion were Type Mo-6s. However, because of the severe cold of the ensuing winter, they could not be used because the engine coolant froze.
   One of the Type Mo-6 Aeroplanes, No.266, survived for many years by having been dismantled and stored in the rafters of what had been the Nukiyama Laboratory, of the Department of Engineering, Tohoku University, where it escaped destruction during the Second World War. It was later restored and is now preserved in the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo.

   Single-engine pusher reconnaissance biplane with crew nacelle. All-wooden construction with fabric covering. Crew of two in open cockpit.
   100-110hp Daimler six-cylinder inline water-cooled engine, driving a two-bladed wooden propeller.
   One nose mounted Hotchkiss flexible 7.7mm machine-gun.
   Span 16.13m (52ft 11 in); length 9.33m (30ft 7 1/2in); height 3.10m (10ft 2in); wing area 62sq m (667.364 sq ft).
   Empty weight 75 kg (1,671lb); loaded weight 1,060kg (2,336Ib); wing loading 17.1 kg sq m (3.5Ib/sq ft); power loading 9.64 kg/hp (21.2Ib/hp).
   Maximum speed 60kt (69mph); cruising speed 49kt (56mph); climb to 2,000m (6,562ft) in 25min; service ceiling 3,500m (11,482ft).
   134 built 1917-1921: PMBRA thirty-five; Army Arsenals forty seven; Tokorozawa Branch, Supply Dept forty-eight; Akabane Aeroplane Manufacturing Works four.


Army Maurice Farman 5 Aeroplane

   This aeroplane was identical to the Army Maurice Farman 1914, Type Mo-4 Aeroplane, but was equipped with dual controls for primary pilot training. With the exception of the length being extended from 9.14m to 9.38m it hardly warranted a redesignation. This became the Army's first primary trainer to be built expressly for this purpose.
   Production became the responsibility of the Army Artillery Arsenal. Six were manufactured in 1919 and the Tokorozawa Branch of the Department of Supply built an additional five in 1920. However, in that year, licence rights for manufacturing the Nieuport 81E2 primary trainer came into effect and with this the Army organized a new system of flying training and, as a result, there was no further need for the Farman trainers. A few were retained at the Tokorozawa Aviation School until about 1923.

   Single-engine pusher biplane primary trainer with crew nacelle. Wooden construction with fabric covering. Crew of two in open cockpit.
   70-80hp Renault eight-cylinder vee air-cooled engine, or 100hp Daimler six-cylinder inline water-cooled engine, driving a two-bladed wooden propeller.
   Span 15.52m (50ft 11 in); length 9.38m (30ft 9 1/4in); height 3.17m (10ft 5in); wing area 58sg m (624.327sg ft).
   Loaded weight 778kg (1,715lb); wing loading 13.4kg sg m (2.74Ib sg ft); power loading 9.73 kg hp (21.4lb/hp).
   Maximum speed 49kt (56mph); climb to 2,000m (6,562ft) in 35min; endurance 4hr.
   Data for Renault-powered version.
   Eleven built 1919-1920: Army Artillery Arsenal six; Tokorozawa Branch, Dept of Supply five.


Kishi No.3 Tsurugi-go Aeroplane

   Suspecting the unsafe design of the sweptback wing used on the No.2 Tsurugi-go, this new aeroplane used the conventional straight wing, very much like that of the Army Maurice Farman Type Mo-4. Although the centre cockpit nacelle was original in design structure, other parts of the airframe were identical to the Type Mo-4.
   After its first public flying demonstration on 11 February, 1917, japan's National Foundation Day known as Kigensetsu, Kishi designated the aeroplane as the No.3 Tsurugi-go. Acting as flying instructor, Lt Inoue used it to introduce many people to the experience of flying an aeroplane. Because of its activity at the Susaki Airfield on reclaimed ground, the site became known as Kishi Airfield. Eventually, this aeroplane went to Itoh Airfield.


Kishi No.6 Tsurugi-go Aeroplane

   In the autumn of 1918, the Akabane Aeroplane Manufacturing Works was awarded an initial Army contract for four Maurice Farman Type Mo-6s. At about that time, through the influence of Viscount Shimpei Goto, Dr Kishi received the support of a noted businessman, Soichiro Asano, and they reorganized and expanded the company, undertook the manufacture of automobiles, and established a flying-cadet programme for schoolage boys at the aerodrome.
   Less attention was given to the production order for the new No.6 Tsurugi-go Aeroplane, and therefore the design reverted to the earlier Maurice Farman Type Mo4 so as to use existing parts. At this time, the Kishi iron ore mining business at Osore-yama in Aomori Prefecture, had failed, and Kishi became heavily in debt. The popular period of the Farman biplanes had passed and the Army cancelled further orders, forcing the Akabane Aeroplane Manufacturing Works and its flying activities to be closed in March 1921. Dr Kishi abandoned aviation and became a director of the Electricity Bureau of Tokyo, thus ending the name of Kishi in aviation.

Jane's All The World Aircraft 1913

FARMAN. Henry and Maurice Farman, 167, Rue de Silly, Billancourt (Seine) Aerodromes: Buc, pres Versailles and Etampes. Depots: Camp de Chalons--Reims. Established by H. Farman in 1908. M. Farman established works a little later. In 1912 the two brothers combined. The present works were opened in January, 1912, and had an output capacity of at least 300 machines a year in March, 1913.

   M. Farman M. Farman M. Farman
   Military biplane. Big military Staggered
   biplane. biplane.

Length..........feet (m.) 39-1/3 (12) 46 (14) 39 (11.90)
Span............feet (m.) 50-3/4 (15.50) 65-3/4 (20) 36 (11)
Area.....,...sq. ft. (m?) 646 (60) 861 (80) 323 (30)
Weight, total, lbs.(kgs.) 1102 (500) 1433 (650) 882 (400)
Weight, useful,lbs.(kgs.) 617 (280) 882 (400) 551 (250)
Motor................h.p. 70 Renault 70 Renault 70 Renault
Speed, max....m.p.h.(km.) 56 (90) 44 (70) 69 110)
Speed, min....m.p.h.(km.) ... ... ...
Endurance............hrs. ... ... ...
Number built during 1912. ... ... ...

Remarks.--The whole of the above can easily be converted into hydro-avions --two long narrow floats without steps. H. Farmans are of wood and steel construction; M. Farman, wood. In all 1913 biplanes the ailerons are inter-connected. All 1913 machines designed to carry one or in some cases two mitrailleuse, and special attention is paid to facility for taking down for transport and re-assembling. The 1911-12 H. Farmans had elevators forward, were a good deal longer, and had more surface than 1913 models. Ailerons not inter-connected. The M. Farmans generally as now, except that all planes, etc., had rounded edges. On September 11th, 1912, Foury, in an M. Farman military, made world's endurance record to date, 13 hrs. 22 min., covering 631 miles (1,017 km.) All models of this type, also the "big military," are fitted with the Doutre stabiliser. Fabric: "Aviator" Ramie.

Latest Hydro.--In March, 1913, a new hydro was produced experimentally. There is a boat body, without steps, carrying the motor which is chain connected with the propeller. Machine is fitted with wheels and skids as well.

E.Hauke, W.Schroeder, B.Totschinger Die Flugzeuge der k.u.k. Luftfahrtruppe und Seeflieger 1914-1918

00. Versuchs- und Beuteflugzeuge (Опытные и трофейные самолеты)
00.28 Farman MF 11, Nr. 857 (italienisch) Fiat 100
00.30 Farman MF 11, Nr. 994 (italienisch) Fiat 100
00.32 Farman MF 11 (italienisch) Fiat 100
00.36 Farman MF 11bis (italienisch) Fiat 100
00.40 Farman MF 11bis, Nr. 2657 (italienisch) Fiat 100
00.49 Farman (S.I.T.) (italienisch)
00.55 Farman MF 11, Nr. 3354 (rumänisch) Renault 130

Журнал Flight

Flight, November 29, 1913.

A NEW MAURICE FARMAN BIPLANE.

   SINCE Maurice Farman first brought out his now famous biplane very few alterations have been made until quite recently. Some time ago it will be remembered we published illustrations of a new M. Farman biplane, which was then flying at Hendon, and which had no front elevator. In other respects, however, this machine was similar to the standard type. Now a new machine has made its appearance in France; in this not only is there no front elevator, but several new features have been introduced. It will be noticed from our sketch that the tail outrigger is of an altogether different form to that of the standard M. Farman type. The tail plane of this machine is of the monoplane type, and the two rudders are placed wholly on top of the tail plane. Two swiveling skids protect the tail planes against contact with the ground.
   The nacelle has been raised considerably, so that the centre of thrust is now approximately half way between the upper and lower main planes. The skids have been shortened, but still carry at their rear extremities the steel springs which act as very effective brakes when the machine is landing. The two pairs of wheels are sprung from the skids by means of rubber shock absorbers in the usual way. An 80 h.p. air-cooled Renault engine, driving the propeller at half engine speed, gives the machine a speed of about 65 m.p.h.


Flight, March 14, 1914.

WHAT THERE WILL BE TO SEE AT OLYMPIA.

THE EXHIBITS.

Farman (The Aircraft Manufacturing- Co., Ltd.) (41.)

   WILL show two machines of exceptional interest, inasmuch as neither of them have previously been shown in public in this country.
<...>
   The second machine shown on this stand will be a M. Farman biplane of the new type without a front elevator. Several alterations from previous types of this well-known make have been effected. Most noticeable of these is, of course, the disappearance of the front elevator, which has been followed by other changes, such as raising the nacelle, so that the line of thrust now passes approximately through the centre of the gap. The tail outrigger, which is now of a slightly different form, carries at its rear extremities a tail plane of the monoplane type, surmounted by two rudders. The arrangement of the pilot's and passenger's seats, as well as of the tanks, will be found to be different from that of the usual M. Farman, whilst a close inspection of the whole machine will reveal numerous ingenious details of construction, which will be dealt with in a later detailed description.
   Two complete nacelles, one H. Farman and one M. Farman, will complete this exhibit.


Flight, March 21, 1914.

THE OLYMPIA EXHIBITION.

THE EXHIBITS.

FARMAN (AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING CO.), LTD. (41.)

   ON this stand are shown two complete machines, one Henry Farman seaplane and a Maurice Farman land machine.
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   The 70 h.p. Maurice Farman is similar to the machine which was flown recently at Hendon, and of which we published at that time an illustration in these columns. The chief alteration in this machine is of course the disappearance of the front elevator, but several other alterations have been effected, for instance, in the tail outrigger and the tail planes themselves. In this machine the tail planes consist of a fixed tail plane of the monoplane type, to which is hinged he elevator, and which is surmounted by twin rudders. The angle of incidence of the tail plane is adjusted in an ingenious manner shown in one of the accompanying sketches, which is, we think, self-explanatory. The arrangement of the pilot's and passenger's seats is somewhat different to that of the older type, for the pilot now occupies the rear seat, from which he controls the machine by means of the usual Maurice Farman-type control. The passenger occupies the front seat, and mounted in front of him on a tripod of steel tubes resting on the upper longerons of the nacelle, is a Lewis automatic machine gun which appears to have a very wide range of action. The mica wind-shield usually fitted has been removed in order to allow of the free operation of the gear.
   Other innovations are to be found in the method of mounting the petrol tank, which is now slung in steel bands resting on a transverse ash member, which is in turn supported on two A-shaped brackets on the upper longerons of the nacelle.
   No oil tank is fitted, as a sufficient supply of oil is carried in the crankcase of the engine.
   In addition to the two complete machines just described, there are shown on this stand two nacelles, one Henry and one Maurice Farman, and various excellent examples of acetylene weilding, sockets, finished parts, and model patterns of tanks, which, like the complete machines, bear evidence of the high-class workmanship which has established such an enviable reputation for this firm. Quite an interesting item in the exhibits on this stand is one of the original Fabre floats used on the first hydroplane to fly over water on March 28th, 1910. It will be remembered that the Aircraft Manufacturing Co. are sole agents for these floats.


Flight, October 22, 1915.

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS.-VII.

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   As the Farman type of undercarriage may be said to be the progenitor of the wheel and skid combination, this will be dealt with first. The accompanying illustrations show a modern Henry and Maurice Farman chassis. The chief characteristics are, it will be seen, that there are two pairs of wheels, each pair mounted on a short axle slung from the corresponding skid by means of rubber bands. The skids or runners are in turn supported on a structure of streamline struts running down from the spars of the lower wing. This arrangement, while suffering from the disadvantage that shock is transmitted to the spars, gives a very wide track, and consequently good stability when rolling over the surface.
   The disadvantage of the arrangement is not very serious, and can be almost completely overcome by proper bracing with steel wires or cables.
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EDDIES.

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   In another photo, is seen a batch of French avions, which includes M. Farmans, Caudrons, Morane "parasols," and Nieuport scouts. The latter, of which we published illustrations and particulars some months ago, are, I believe, proving highly successful, a fact which, as they are modelled on the lines of our scouts, is no mean compliment to the Sopwith Aviation Co., who were the first to demonstate the high value of this type of machine as long ago as the summer of 1913.